Double diamond structured bicontinuous mesoporous titania templated by a block copolymer for anode material of lithium-i
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ol of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China 2 School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China § Qingqing Sheng and Qian Li contributed equally to this work. © Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020 Received: 12 August 2020 / Revised: 14 September 2020 / Accepted: 20 September 2020
ABSTRACT Titania has received considerable attention as a promising anode material of Li-ion battery (LIB). Controlling the structure and morphology of titania nanostructures is crucial to govern their performance. Herein, we report a mesoporous titania scaffold with a bicontinuous shifted double diamond (SDD) structure for anode material of LIB. The titania scaffold was synthesized by the cooperative self-assembly of a block copolymer poly(ethylene oxide)-block-polystyrene template and titanium diisopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate) as the inorganic precursor in a mixture solvent of tetrahydrofuran and HCl/water. The structure shows tetragonal symmetry (space group I41/amd) comprising two sets of diamond networks adjoining each other with the unit cell parameter of a = 90 nm and c = 127 nm, which affords the porous titania a specific surface area (SSA) of 42 m2·g−1 with a mean pore diameter of 38 nm. Serving as an anode material of LIB, the bicontinuous titania scaffold exhibits a high specific capacity of 254 mAh·g−1 at the current density of 1 A·g−1 and an alluring self-improving feature upon charge/discharge over 1,000 cycles. This study overcomes the difficulty in building up ordered bicontinuous functional materials and demonstrates their potential in energy storage application.
KEYWORDS bicontinuous structure, block copolymer, lithium-ion battery, mesoporous titania, self-assembly
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Introduction
Over the last decade, porous materials have been widely applied in energy storage devices, such as LIBs and supercapacitors, owing to their high specific surface area and ability of reserving electrolytes, which facilitate smooth mass diffusion as well as fast charge and ion transport [1–17]. Among various developed porous structures, including irregular, spherical, cylindrical and bicontinuous catalogues, the bicontinuous structures, which consist of two intertwining continuous labyrinths or sub-volumes isolated by an interface, have attracted much attention [18–22]. For the bicontinuous structures with triply periodic translational symmetry, the interface is usually described by a triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) or its corresponding constant mean curvature surface companions [23]. There exist three main categories of bicontinuous structures, the Schoen gyroid surface ＿ with space group Ia3d＿ [I4132], the Schwarz diamond surface ＿ m] and the Schwarz primitive with space group Pn3m [Fd3 ＿ ＿ surface with space group Im3m [Pm3m] for the non-oriented [orient
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