Downregulation of T Cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin Protein 3 in the Pathogenesis of Intracranial Aneurysm
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Downregulation of T Cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin Protein 3 in the Pathogenesis of Intracranial Aneurysm Hai-Feng Zhang,1 Ming-Guang Zhao,1 Guo-Biao Liang,1,2 Chun-Yong Yu,1 Zhi-Qing Li,1 and Xu Gao1
Abstract—Evidence has shown that inflammation acts as a critical contributor to the pathogenesis of intracranial aneurysm (IA), a potentially devastating clinical problem. T cell immunoglobulin and mucin protein 3 (Tim-3) is a negative regulatory molecule and plays important roles in the inflammation process. In the current study, we investigated the expression of Tim-3 and its correlation with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in IA patients. Data showed that both messenger RNA (mRNA) level and protein level of Tim-3 were significantly decreased in CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells from IA patients than from healthy controls (P0.05 >0.05
31 (43.1) 41 (56.9)
24 (46.2) 28 (53.8)
46 (63.9) 26 (36.1)
41 (78.8) 11 (21.2)
17 (23.6) 55 (76.4)
– –
59 (82.2) 13 (17.8)
– –
31 (43.1) 29 (40.3) 12 (16.6)
– – –
Statistical Analysis. All analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism version 4.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). The Student t test was used for comparison between groups. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant.
0.05 and P>0.05, respectively), whereas cases revealed significantly higher percentage of smokers than healthy controls (P25 mm) (Table 1).
Fig 1. Relative mRNA levels of Tim-3 in CD4+ T cells (a), CD8+ T cells (b), and monocytes (c) among IA patients and healthy controls. The levels of βactin were used as an internal control, and the Tim-3 mRNA expression was calculated by 2 (−Delta Delta C (T)) method. Relative protein levels of Tim-3 in CD4+ T cells (d), CD8+ T cells (e), and monocytes (f) among IA patients and healthy controls. Western blot analysis was performed. The levels of β-actin were used as an internal control. Histogram of pooled data is shown. Normalization: Tim-3/actin was first calculated and then pooled and normalized to 1.00.
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Tim-3 and Intracranial Aneurysm Expression of Tim-3 in Different Immune Cells of IA
Expression of Tim-3 and Rupture of Aneurysm
We first investigated mRNA level of Tim-3 in CD4+ T cells. The relative expression of Tim-3 mRNA in CD4+ T cells was significantly lower among IA patients than among healthy controls (0.81±0.19 versus 1.00±0.16, P
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