Downy mildew of lavender caused by Peronospora belbahrii in Israel
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Downy mildew of lavender caused by Peronospora belbahrii in Israel Marco Thines 1,2
&
Anthony Buaya 1 & Sebastian Ploch 1 & Yariv Ben Naim 3 & Yigal Cohen 3
Received: 6 July 2020 / Revised: 20 October 2020 / Accepted: 22 October 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Peronospora belbahrii is one of the most destructive downy mildew diseases that has emerged throughout the past two decades. Due to the lack of quarantine regulations and its possible seed-borne nature, it has spread globally and is now present in most areas in which basil is produced. While most obligate biotrophic, plant parasitic oomycetes are highly host-specific, there are a few that have a wider host range, e.g. Albugo candida, Bremia tulasnei, and Pseudoperonospora cubensis. Recently, it was shown that Peronospora belbahrii is able to infect Rosmarinus, Nepetia, and Micromeria in Israel in cross-infection trials, hinting an extended host range for also this pathogen. In this study, a newly occurring downy mildew pathogen on lavender was investigated with respect to its morphology and phylogeny, and it is shown that it belongs to Peronospora belbahrii as well. Thus, it seems that Peronospora belbahrii is currently extending its host range to additional members of the tribe Mentheae and Ocimeae. Therefore, it seems advisable to scrutinise all commonly used members of these tribes in order to avoid further spread of virulent genotypes. Keywords Downy mildew . Evolution . Host jump . New host . Peronosporaceae
Introduction Currently, there are more than 700 species of oomycetes known to cause downy mildew disease on a great variety of Angiosperm hosts (Constantinescu 1991; Thines and Choi 2016). Even though not members of the kingdom Mycota, but of the largely unrelated Straminipila (Beakes and Thines 2017), the downy mildew pathogens have evolved into filamentous, osmotrophic, and obligate biotrophic pathogens in parallel to their fungal counterparts. Several downy mildew pathogens, such as Plasmopara destructor (Görg et al. 2017), Pl. halstedii (Sharma et al. 2015; Trojanová et al. 2017), Section Editor: Meike Piepenbring * Marco Thines [email protected] 1
Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
2
Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
3
Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, 529000 Ramat Gan, Israel
Peronospora belbahrii (Thines et al. 2009, 2020b), Pe. effusa (Choi et al. 2015a, Klein et al. 2020), and Pe. tabacina (Derevnina et al. 2015), cause economically important downy mildew diseases, e.g. of balsamines, sunflowers, basil, spinach, and tobacco, respectively. Most downy mildew species have only very limited host ranges (Gäumann 1923, Gustavsson 1959), as evidenced by both cross-infection trials (e.g. Gäumann 1923) and molecular phylogenetic investigations (e.g. Voglmayr 2003; Göker et al. 2004; García-Blázquez et al. 2008
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