Early childhood internalizing problems, externalizing problems and their co-occurrence and (mal)adaptive functioning in
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Early childhood internalizing problems, externalizing problems and their co‑occurrence and (mal)adaptive functioning in emerging adulthood: a 16‑year follow‑up study İldeniz B. Arslan1 · Nicole Lucassen1 · Pol A. C. van Lier1,2 · Amaranta D. de Haan1 · Peter Prinzie1 Received: 8 November 2019 / Accepted: 1 September 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Purpose A vast amount of studies suggest that internalizing or externalizing problems are related to individual functioning, and often co-occur. Yet, a focus on their additive and interactive effects is scarce. Furthermore, most research has focused on a limited number of developmental domains and mostly on maladaptive functioning. Therefore, the current prospective study examined whether early childhood (ages 4–8) internalizing and externalizing problems and their interaction were related to a broad range of (mal)adaptive functioning outcomes in emerging adulthood (ages 20–24). Methods Data from the Flemish Study on Parenting, Personality and Development were used. At Time 1 (1999) mothers of 374 children (45% boys) and fathers of 357 children (46% boys) rated internalizing and externalizing problems through the Child Behavior Checklist. Outcomes in emerging adulthood were measured through self-reports 16 years later across the following domains: psychological functioning, social functioning, work, physical health, and self-concept. Results Early externalizing problems were related to maladaptive outcomes on the psychological and social domains. With regard to adaptive functioning, externalizing problems were associated with lower satisfaction regarding general health on the physical domain. Early internalizing problems were not associated with any emerging adulthood outcomes. The interaction of (father reported) internalizing and externalizing problems was related to aggressive behavior. Conclusion Early childhood externalizing problems were associated with maladaptive and adaptive functioning over a time span of 16 years. The results add to studies on the implementation of prevention and intervention programs in early childhood and to the value for developing personalized interventions. Keywords Early childhood · Internalizing and externalizing problems · Co-occurrence · (Mal)Adaptive functioning · Emerging adulthood
Introduction
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-020-01959-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * İldeniz B. Arslan [email protected] 1
Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, 3000 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
2
“Give me a child until he is seven and I will show you the man” might be one of the best-known quotes of Aristotle, underpinning the theoretical importance and influence of early childhood on long-term
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