The Genetics of Externalizing Problems
Externalizing problems generally refer to a constellation of behaviors and/or disorders characterized by impulsive action and behavioral disinhibition. Phenotypes on the externalizing spectrum include psychiatric disorders, nonclinical behaviors, and pers
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Contents 1 Introduction 2 Epidemiology of Externalizing Behaviors/Disorders 2.1 Genetic Epidemiology of the Externalizing Spectrum 2.2 Changes in the Etiology of Externalizing Problems Across Development 2.3 Gene-Environment Interactions in Externalizing Problems 3 Molecular Genetic Studies of Externalizing Problems 3.1 Current GWAS of Externalizing Phenotypes 3.2 Genetic Correlations and Multivariate Genomic Methods 3.3 Research Using PRS for Externalizing Phenotypes 3.4 Increasing Diversity in Genetic Research 4 Conclusion References
Abstract Externalizing problems generally refer to a constellation of behaviors and/or disorders characterized by impulsive action and behavioral disinhibition. Phenotypes on the externalizing spectrum include psychiatric disorders, nonclinical behaviors, and personality characteristics (e.g. alcohol use disorders, other illicit substance use, antisocial behaviors, risky sex, sensation seeking, among others). Research using genetic designs including latent designs from twin and family data and more recent designs using genome-wide data reveal that these behaviors and problems are genetically influenced and largely share a common genetic etiology.
P. B. Barr Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA e-mail: [email protected] D. M. Dick (*) Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA College Behavioral and Emotional Health Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 Curr Topics Behav Neurosci DOI 10.1007/7854_2019_120
P. B. Barr and D. M. Dick
Large-scale gene-identification efforts have started to identify robust associations between genetic variants and these phenotypes. However, there is still considerable work to be done. This chapter provides an overview of the current state of research into the genetics of behaviors and disorders on the externalizing spectrum. Keywords Externalizing · Genetics · GWAS · Polygenic scores
1 Introduction Externalizing problems refer to a constellation of behaviors and/or disorders characterized by impulsive action and/or behavioral undercontrol. Externalizing problems can be contrasted with internalizing problems in that they typically reflect actions in the external world, rather than internalized processes within the self, such as anxiety, depression, or negative affect. Externalizing problems include a variety of behaviors such as alcohol or substance misuse, antisocial behaviors, aggression, and risk taking (Krueger et al. 2002; Salvatore and Dick 2018; Young et al. 2000). Problems associated with externalizing behaviors have high social costs. Substance misuse remains one of the leading contributors to preventable mortality and morbidity worldwide. In 2016, alcohol use contributed 4.2% of the total global burden of disease; other drug use contributed to 1.3% of the total global disease
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