Early regulatory problems and parenting: life-long risk, vulnerability or susceptibility for attention, internalizing an
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ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION
Early regulatory problems and parenting: life‑long risk, vulnerability or susceptibility for attention, internalizing and externalizing outcomes? Julia Jaekel1,2 · Christian Sorg3,4,5 · Linda Breeman6 · Nicole Baumann1 · Ayten Bilgin1,7 · Josef G. Bäuml3,5 · Dieter Wolke1,8 Received: 12 June 2020 / Accepted: 24 August 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Multiple or persistent crying, sleeping, or feeding problems in early childhood (regulatory problems, RPs) predict increased risk for self-regulation difficulties. Sensitive parenting may protect children from trajectories of dysregulation. Considering self-regulation from a life-course perspective, are children with early multiple and/or persistent RPs affected similarly by parenting as those without (main effects model, ME), or are they more vulnerable (diathesis-stress, DIA-S), or more susceptible (differential susceptibility theory, DST) to variations in sensitive parenting at age 6 years? Participants (N = 302) were studied prospectively from birth to 28 years. RPs were assessed from 5 to 56 months. Sensitive parenting was observed at 6 years. Attention regulation was observed at 8 and 28 years. Internalizing and externalizing problems were rated by parents at 8 years, and by adults at 28 years. Confirmatory-comparative modelling tested whether associations of sensitive parenting with outcomes at 8 and 28 years among individuals with early multiple and/or persistent RPs (n = 74) versus those without (n = 228) were best explained by ME, DIA-S, or DST models. Best fitting models differed according to age at assessment. For childhood attention regulation, the statistically parsimonious DIA-S provided the best fit to the data. At age 28, two additive main effects (ME, RP group and sensitive parenting) fit best. DIA-S and ME explained internalizing and externalizing problems. Using a comprehensive life-span approach, DIA-S and ME models but not DST explained how early RPs and sensitive parenting predicted attention, internalizing, and externalizing outcomes. Individuals with early RPs are vulnerable to insensitive parenting. Keywords Regulatory problems · Parenting · Life-course · Confirmatory-comparative modelling · Attention regulation · CBCL · YASR Crying, feeding, and sleeping are fundamental for infants’ survival and development [8]. Failure in learning to Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01632-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Julia Jaekel [email protected] 1
Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
Department of Child and Family Studies, Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, 1215 W. Cumberland Ave, Knoxville TN 37996, USA
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Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
self-regulate these behaviours may result in excessive crying, feeding or sleeping problems s
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