Early Nutrition and Lifestyle Factors Effects on First Trimester Pla
This book highlights the impact of nutrients on early placentation processes and their relevance for fetal growth and pregnancy outcome. The role of maternal nutrition on fetal growth and development has been evidenced in many epidemiological studies tha
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ly Nutrition and Lifestyle Factors Effects on First Trimester Placenta
Early Nutrition and Lifestyle Factors
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Asim K. Duttaroy • Sanjay Basak
Early Nutrition and Lifestyle Factors Effects on First Trimester Placenta
Asim K. Duttaroy Department of Nutrition University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
Sanjay Basak National Institute of Nutrition Indian Council of Medical Research Hyderabad, India
ISBN 978-3-319-38802-1 ISBN 978-3-319-38804-5 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-38804-5
(eBook)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016947468 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland
Preface
The placenta is literally the “tree of life.” The derivation of the word placenta comes from Latin for cake (placenta), from Greek for flat, slab-like (plako´enta/plakou´nta), and from German for mother cake (mutterkuchen), all referring to the round, flat appearance of the human placenta. Structurally, the placenta is a hemochorial villous organ. The placenta is the highly specialized organ of pregnancy that supports the normal growth and development of the fetus. Growth and function of the placenta are precisely regulated and coordinated to ensure that the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the maternal and fetal circulatory systems operates at maximal efficiency. After implantation, trophoblast cells proliferate and differentiate along two pathways described as villous and extravillous trophoblast cells. Non-migratory, villous cytotrophoblast cells fuse to form the multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast, which forms the outer epithelial layer of the chorionic villi. It is at the terminal branches of the chorionic villi that the majority of fetal/maternal exchange occurs. Extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cells migrate into the decidua and remodel uterine arterie
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