Early Parenting Characteristics Associated with Internalizing Symptoms Across Seven Waves of the Longitudinal Study of A
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Early Parenting Characteristics Associated with Internalizing Symptoms Across Seven Waves of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children Jacqueline Kemmis-Riggs 1
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Rachel Grove 1
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John McAloon 1
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David Berle 1,2
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The aim of this study was to identify whether parenting style during a child’s toddler years predicts the course of the child’s internalising symptoms throughout early to middle childhood. The current study uses data from waves 1 to 7 (acquired biennially) of the infant cohort (N = 4494) of Growing up in Australia: the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC), a population-based longitudinal study. Latent class growth analysis identified four distinct longitudinal trajectories of internalizing symptoms: Low stable (66% of the children), High increasing (7%), Low increasing (17%) and High decreasing (10%). Multinomial logistic regression indicated that low self-efficacy and socioeconomic disadvantage during the toddler years were significant predictors of unfavourable (i.e., increasing) trajectories of internalizing symptoms across later childhood. Parenting hostility was a significant predictor of the low increasing trajectory. Additionally, male children were more likely than females to follow unfavourable trajectories. However, low parenting warmth was not predictive of increasing symptoms across time. Our findings highlight the importance of parenting factors in a child’s early years, particularly the potentially detrimental outcomes associated with parental hostility and low self-efficacy. Keywords Internalizing . Parenting . Longitudinal . Childhood development . Trajectories
1.Introduction The parent-child bond is posited to be the foundation of child socio-emotional development (e.g., Bowlby 1973, 1980; Schore 1994, 2003; Tronick 2007). An abundance of empirical research demonstrates that higher quality parent-child relationships are positively related to children’s socio-emotional development (Cyr et al. 2010; Harrist and Waugh 2002; SaintGeorges et al. 2013; Stack et al. 2010). Early parenting behaviours provide the foundation of the parent-child relationship (Feldman 2012b) and are especially important in a child’s Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-020-00700-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Jacqueline Kemmis-Riggs [email protected] 1
Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, 100 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
early years (Kochanska 1997). Infants and toddlers are particularly receptive to, and dependent on, sensitive parenting care for their neurophysiological development and the development of social and emotional capacities (Kochanska 1997, 2002; National Scientific Council on the Developing Child 2014). Diverse parenting characteristics have demonstrated robust ass
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