Ecotypic differentiation of black spruce populations: temperature triggers bud burst but not bud set
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Ecotypic differentiation of black spruce populations: temperature triggers bud burst but not bud set Anam Usmani1,2 · Roberto Silvestro3,4 · Shaokang Zhang1 · Jian‑Guo Huang1 · Antonio Saracino4 · Sergio Rossi1,3 Received: 14 April 2019 / Accepted: 6 June 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Key message Black spruce ecotypes exhibit temperature-adapted bud burst, while bud set is independent of temperature. Warmer conditions could advance bud burst, but no direct effect is expected for bud set Abstract Phenological adjustment is a key adaptive trait closely associated with the environment. Species spreading over a wide geographical range can evolve ecotypes that are able to grow and reproduce under particular local conditions. We compared the thermal conditions during bud phenology in black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP] populations to assess the differences among ecotypes. The phases of bud burst and bud set were monitored weekly during 2015, 2017 and 2018 in saplings growing in a common garden, and originating from a latitudinal range across the whole closed boreal forest of Quebec, Canada. Provenances from the northern sites exhibited both earlier bud burst and bud set, with differences of 8 and 11 days, respectively, between the northern and southern provenances. Bud burst occurred under colder temperatures in provenances from the northern sites. The phase of open bud occurred at 4 °C in the northernmost provenance, compared to 8 °C in the southernmost one. Bud set occurred in summer, when temperatures still exceeded 20 °C, and no difference was observed between provenances. Black spruce populations exhibit a clear clinal differentiation in ecotypes showing temperature-adapted bud burst of the apical meristem. The need to complete formation of the winter bud and hardening before autumn leads bud set to being independent of the air temperature. Warmer conditions can affect the timings of spring phenology by anticipating bud burst in black spruce, although no direct effect may be expected for bud set. Keywords Bud phenology · Climate change · Picea mariana · Boreal forest · Clinal variation · Meristem
Introduction Communicated by T. Rötzer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-020-01999-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Anam Usmani and Roberto Silvestro have contributed equally to this work. * Jian‑Guo Huang [email protected] 1
Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
2
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
3
Départment des Sciences Fondamentales, Univerisité du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
4
Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Portici (Naples), Italy
The timings of phenological events ar
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