Effect of Annealing on Properties of Carbonaceous Materials. Part III: Macro and Microstrengths
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ONACEOUS materials are extensively used in ferrous metallurgy include metallurgical cokes, chars, and a variety of coals. Metallurgical cokes are a major type of material for blast furnace iron making, while chars and coals are used in direct iron smelting and ferroalloy-making processes. Replacing coke with coal and char would, however, lead to significant economic and environmental benefits. Carbonaceous materials with good mechanical strength are required to insure good permeability to liquid and gas phases flowing through the burden or coke bed in a ferroalloy furnace.
XING XING, Postdoctoral Fellow, and OLEG OSTROVSKI, Professor, are with the School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. Contact e-mail: [email protected] GUANGQING ZHANG, Lecturer, is with the School of Mechanical, Materials & Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522. MARK DELL AMICO, Project Scientist, is with the CSIRO Energy Centre, 10 Murray Dwyer Circuit, Steel River Estate, Mayfield West, NSW 2304. GEORGE CIEZKI, Manager Production Planning & Smelting Manganese, is with the Tasmanian Electro Metallurgical Company, PO Box 164, George Town, TAS 7253, Australia. QINGBO MENG, Vice-President, is with the Sinosteel Anshan Research Institute of Thermo-Energy Co., Ltd., Anshan, Liaoning, P.R. China. Manuscript submitted February 14, 2013. Article published online April 30, 2013. 870—VOLUME 44B, AUGUST 2013
Heating of carbonaceous materials in the furnace strongly affects their mechanical properties. Upon heating, carbonaceous materials experience pyrolysis and change to their micro and macrostrengths. However, selection of carbonaceous materials to replace coke used in the production of ferroalloys is usually empirical, rather than based on examination of the variation in mechanical strength of the materials under a range of conditions in ferroalloy furnaces. Macrostrength of carbonaceous materials has been intensively studied using different methods.[1–4] Nakamura et al.[5] suggested that coke strength was predominantly defined by the rank of parent coals; they found that cokes reached the maximum strength after reaction (CSR) when their parent coals had the mean reflectance ranging from 1.2 to 1.3 pct. Yip et al.[6] observed that the compressive strength of char significantly increased with pyrolysis temperature
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