Effect of factitious diets on development and reproduction of the ladybird beetle Stethorus gilvifrons , a predator of t
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Effect of factitious diets on development and reproduction of the ladybird beetle Stethorus gilvifrons, a predator of tetranychid mites Jafar Ebrahimifar
. Parviz Shishehbor . Arash Rasekh . Eric W. Riddick
Received: 12 February 2020 / Accepted: 10 July 2020 International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) 2020
Abstract The ladybird beetle Stethorus gilvifrons is a predator of tetranychid mites. The hypothesis that factitious diets had no negative effect on S. gilvifrons development and reproduction was tested. Experimental diets included natural prey Tetranychus turkestani eggs, Ephestia kuehniella eggs plus date palm pollen, E. kuehniella eggs plus maize pollen, and E. kuehniella eggs plus bee pollen. The results indicated that S. gilvifrons development time was longer and fecundity was lower on all factitious diets tested compared to natural prey, T. turkestani eggs. S. gilvifrons fed E. kuehniella eggs plus date palm pollen had a higher net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (r), and lower generation time (T) than those fed other factitious diets. Although T. turkestani eggs are more nutritious than the factitious diets, the
Handling Editor: Marta Montserrat. J. Ebrahimifar (&) P. Shishehbor A. Rasekh Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran e-mail: [email protected] P. Shishehbor e-mail: [email protected] A. Rasekh e-mail: [email protected] E. W. Riddick Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Stoneville, MS, USA e-mail: [email protected]
combination of E. kuehniella eggs plus date palm pollen holds promise as an alternative food for the mass production of S. gilvifrons. Keywords Biological control Coccinellids Ecology Life table Mass production Tetranychid mites
Introduction The strawberry spider mite, Tetranychus turkestani Ugarov & Nikolski, is one of the most important pests of field and glasshouse crops in Khuzestan province, southwestern Iran (Mossadegh and Kocheili 2003; Modares Awal 2001). Different developmental stages of T. turkestani initially feed on the lower leaf surfaces but can cover an entire plant as populations increase. Damage initially arises as chlorotic stipples on the leaves, but large areas will turn yellow and curl as feeding damage builds up. Leaves also may become bronzed, and the plant can defoliate. Webbing is often very evident, giving a bright appearance to the plant (Jeppson et al. 1975). All known species of the genus Stethorus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) are specialist predators of tetranychid mites (Putman 1955; Jeppson et al. 1975; Chazeau 1985; Hoy 2011). As specialist predators, Stethorus spp. are known to reduce tetranychid mite
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populations, as shown for S. punctillum Weise on vineyards in Europe (Kapur 1948; Bellows and Fisher 1999), citrus in Japan (Yang et al. 1996), and raspberries in Canada (Roy et al. 1999, 2005). Similarly, other species such as Stethorus punctum pun
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