Effect of Freezing Time on Tissue Factor Activity and Macronutrients of Human Milk
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Effect of Freezing Time on Tissue Factor Activity and Macronutrients of Human Milk Begüm Gürel Gökmen1 · Ozan Özcan1 · Hava Taslak2 · Necla Ipar3 · Tuğba Tunali‑Akbay1 Accepted: 18 September 2020 / Published online: 28 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Human milk proteins are known as vital molecules for infant development and growth. Tissue factor is one of these human milk proteins that its role in human milk has not been cleared yet. Therefore, the first aim of this study was to detect the tissue factor activity of human milk and also was to investigate the effect of extended freezer storage on the milk tissue factor activity. The relationship between the tissue factor activity and macronutrient content and pH of milk was also investigated in this study. Under this aim, mature human milk samples were obtained from 8 healthy women. Collected human milk samples were pooled and divided into aliquots that were stored at − 20 °C until the day to be analyzed. Milk tissue factor activity, protein, fat, lactose, energy, water, density, and pH levels were determined for up to six months. By two months from the freezing, tissue factor activity did not significantly change but significantly decreased at the end of the six months. From the first month to six months from freezing, lactose, protein, fat, and energy levels showed a significant decline. Milk pH did not change with freezing at the end of 6 months. In conclusion, TF activity maintained its first-day activity until the second month after being pumped. The increased interest in breast milk leads us to believe that the gap existing in the knowledge of breast milk bioactive components like TF will be complemented with new research data. Keywords Human milk · Tissue factor · Storage time
1 Introduction Human milk is a multi-functional, dynamic fluid containing bioactive factors and nutrients needed for infant development and health. It is designed uniquely to the human baby, both in its non-nutritive bioactive factors and the nutritional composition [1]. Bioactive components of human milk are produced by cells carried within the human milk, while others are produced and secreted by the breast epithelium. Others are withdrawn from maternal serum and transported through * Begüm Gürel Gökmen [email protected] 1
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Başıbüyük 9/3, Başıbüyük–Maltepe, 34854 Istanbul, Turkey
2
Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Aziz Sancar Experimental Medicine Research, Istanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey
3
Department of Pediatrics, Koç University Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
the mammary epithelium by receptor-mediated transport [2]. Tissue factor (TF) is one of the bioactive proteins of human milk. TF is the primary cellular precursor of the coagulation protease cascade. In addition to the blood clotting role of TF in hemostasis, it also plays important roles in inflammatory reactions, cell migration, angiogenesis, and tu
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