Effect of polyvinylidene fluoride on the acoustic impedance matching, poling enhancement and piezoelectric properties of
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Effect of polyvinylidene fluoride on the acoustic impedance matching, poling enhancement and piezoelectric properties of 0–3 smart lead-free piezoelectric Portland cement composites Thanyapon Wittinanon 1,2 & Rattiyakorn Rianyoi 1 & Athipong Ngamjarurojana 1 & Arnon Chaipanich 1 Received: 24 July 2019 / Accepted: 4 June 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Smart composites, which are composed of piezoelectric ceramics and cement-based materials, have been developed for sensing and health monitoring of concrete infrastructure. Barium titanate (BT)-Portland cement (PC)-polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composites with 40-60 vol.% BT particles (with a median size of ~ 425 µm) and 0-7 vol.% PVDF were fabricated by the pressing and curing method. The effects of the PVDF content on the acoustic impedance (Zc), dielectric constant (εr), piezoelectric charge coefficient (d33) and piezoelectric voltage coefficient (g33) of the BT-PC-PVDF composites were investigated. Increasing the PVDF content in the composites led to a decrease in the Zc value so that it approached that of concrete. The PC phase was replaced by the PVDF phase in the BT-cement-based composites to reduce the leakage current in these composites. As a result, the piezoelectric properties of the BT-PC-PVDF composites improved noticeably. BT contents of 50 and 60 vol.% and a PVDF of 5 vol.% had the highest d33~24-25 pC/N. Moreover, the composite with 50 vol.% BT and 5 vol.% PVDF had the highest piezoelectric voltage coefficient herein (g33=14.6 × 10-3 V∙m/N). Keywords Smart composites . Acoustic impedance . Piezoelectric properties . Barium titanate ceramic . Cement . Polyvinylidene fluoride
1 Introduction Piezoelectric ceramics, such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT) and barium titanate (BT), are smart materials [1–3]. These piezoelectric ceramics, which convert a mechanical effect into an electric signal and vice versa, have been used in sensor and transducer applications [1–5]. Non-destructive digital indicating testing (PUNDIT) is a non-destructive technique for evaluating concrete conditions by determining the velocity of the propagation of compressional waves in concrete [6]. However, the acoustic impedance of these materials does not match concrete and requires a third medium, such as a gel, to reduce the loss of signal transmission at the boundaries of the ceramic and concrete structure [7]. Thus, smart composites have been developed, which are composed of a piezoelectric * Arnon Chaipanich [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Physics and Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, 50200 Chiang Mai, Thailand
2
Program in Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
ceramic and cement-based materials [8–13]. Smart piezoelectric cement-based composites have been developed for sensing and health monitoring of infrastructure in real-time measurements because the composites exhibit acoustic impedance matching with the concr
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