Effect of sacrificial agents on the photoelectrochemical properties of titanium dioxide co-doped with tungsten and manga
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Effect of sacrificial agents on the photoelectrochemical properties of titanium dioxide co‑doped with tungsten and manganese as new visible light active S. Hamid Khansari‑Zadeh1 · Mohamad Mohsen Momeni1 · Hossein Farrokhpour1 Received: 15 February 2020 / Accepted: 26 June 2020 © Iranian Chemical Society 2020
Abstract By using one-step anodizing, W–Mn–TiO2 nanotubes (W–Mn–TNTs) were synthesized in different ratios of two metals. The surface morphology and structure of the W–Mn–TNTs samples were characterized by FE-SEM, XRD, EDAX-mapping, and the optical features of the samples were studied by UV–Vis. The photoelectrochemical behavior of the samples was investigated by linear sweep voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and open-circuit potential. The obtained results showed the new doped synthesized samples have better photoelectrochemical properties compared to the bare T iO2. The K 2 sample (synthesized in anodizing solution containing 9 mM Na2O4W and 3 mM K MnO4) showing the best result compared to the others, was examined in the presence of different alcohols as sacrificial agents in photoelectrochemical cells water splitting. The glycerol demonstrated a better result than the rest samples. Keywords Tungsten · Manganese · Titanium dioxide · Co-doping · Anodization · Photoelectrocatalysis · Alcohols · Sacrificial agents
Introduction Looking for an endless power source which is accessible at any time or place has been one of the important issues of human. So, because of the limitations of fossil resources including coal, natural gas, and petroleum oil, researchers have focused on the development of renewable energy sources [1]. One of the most popular strategies to solve energy problems is the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy [1]. One of the practical applications of solar energy is photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting using semiconductors for producing hydrogen and oxygen [2, 3]. Special attention has been recently focused on titanium dioxide ( TiO2) as n-type semiconductor photocatalyst. TiO2 nanotube arrays, prepared by anodization of titanium foil, has been widely used in environmental purification [4], * Mohamad Mohsen Momeni [email protected] * Hossein Farrokhpour h‑[email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156‑83111, Iran
self-cleaning [5], H2 production, photosynthesis [2, 7], CO2 reduction [6], and so on. These T iO2 applications are because of their high internal surface area, high orientation, excellent recovery, and tunable pore size. Also, TiO2 has other properties including its low cost, recyclability, non-toxicity, high photocatalytic activity, and high chemical stability [1, 4]. TiO2 photoanode has some disadvantages which have limited its practical application. These disadvantages are divided into two categories, (a) the wide band gap (3.0–3.2 eV) that causes it to absorb light in UV area with moderately short wavelengths and excited photogenerated electrons, (b) high recombination rate of e
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