Insights into Theranostic Properties of Titanium Dioxide for Nanomedicine
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REVIEW
Cite as Nano-Micro Lett. (2020) 12:22 Received: 1 October 2019 Accepted: 8 December 2019 © The Author(s) 2020
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-019-0362-1
Insights into Theranostic Properties of Titanium Dioxide for Nanomedicine Morteza Hasanzadeh Kafshgari1 *, Wolfgang H. Goldmann2 * * Morteza Hasanzadeh Kafshgari, [email protected]; Wolfgang H. Goldmann, [email protected]‑erlangen.de 1 Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montreál, Montreal, QC H3C3A7, Canada 2 Department of Physics, Biophysics Group, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
HIGHLIGHTS • Multifunctional TiO2 nanostructures hold promise for advancing a wide range of biomedical applications due to a feasible integration of distinct theranostic features. • Fabrication and post-fabrication strategies implemented to generate multifunctional TiO2 nanostructures for a broad range of bio‑ medical applications are briefly outlined. The opportunities and challenges of TiO2 nanomaterials are highlighted in order to open the possibility of clinical translation.
ABSTRACT Titanium dioxide
(TiO2) nanostructures exhibit a broad range of theranostic properties that
make them attractive for biomedi‑ cal applications. T iO 2 nanostruc‑
tures promise to improve current
theranostic strategies by leveraging the enhanced quantum confinement, thermal conversion, specific surface area, and surface activity. This review highlights certain important aspects of fabrication strategies, which are employed to generate multifunctional TiO2 nanostructures, while outlining
post-fabrication techniques with an
emphasis on their suitability for nanomedicine. The biodistribution, toxicity, biocompatibility, cellular adhesion, and endocytosis of these nanostructures, when exposed to biological microenvironments, are examined in regard to their geometry, size, and surface chemistry. The final section focuses on recent biomedical applications of TiO2 nanostructures, specifically evaluating therapeutic delivery, photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy, bioimaging, biosensing, tissue regeneration, as well as chronic wound healing.
KEYWORDS TiO2 nanostructures; Drug delivery systems; Bioimaging; Biosensing; Tissue regeneration
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1 Introduction Titanium dioxide (TiO2) bulk materials are often employed in medical applications and devices, including implants, facial cosmetic surgeries, cardiovascular devices, external prostheses, as well as surgical instruments. When approach‑ ing nanoscale dimensions of bulk TiO2, quantum confine‑ ment occurs over superfine pieces and introduces new physical, mechanical, optical, and electronic properties [1, 2]. Compared to conventional bulk materials, TiO2 nano‑ structures (NSs), developed in different morphologies (i.e., sphere, tube, cylinder, fiber, sheet, whisker, wire, and rod) through feasible and reproducible fabrication strategies, have been employed in a wide range of leading-edge biomedical applications [2–6]. These efforts, for example,
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