Effect of soil moisture on pupation behavior and inhabitation of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER
Effect of soil moisture on pupation behavior and inhabitation of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Yan Shi1 · Lin‑Yu Li1 · Sohaib Shahid1 · Guy Smagghe2 · Tong‑Xian Liu1 Received: 3 July 2020 / Accepted: 4 November 2020 © The Japanese Society of Applied Entomology and Zoology 2020
Abstract The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a persistent agricultural pest in many areas of the world, and it successfully invaded China in 2019. Like many lepidopteran insects, S. frugiperda pupates live in soil for protection under harsh environmental conditions. We conducted a serial experiment to understand the pupation behavior of S. frugiperda, as well as the effect of soil moisture on pupation. A digital video camera system was used to monitor larval pupation behavior of S. frugiperda. Four different soil moisture choices (5, 25, 50, and 80%) were used to determine the pupation location and behavior of S. frugiperda under laboratory conditions. The four-choice tests showed that most of the larvae prefer to pupate at 25–50% in saturated soil, and other few larvae burrow and pupate under dry (5%) or wet (80%) soils. In the no-choice tests, S. frugiperda larvae did not prefer the wet soil (80%) to pupate. However, soil moisture did not significantly affect the emergence rates. This study helps to increase the knowledge on pupation ecology of S. frugiperda and implies management strategies for this destructive pest. Keywords Spodoptera frugiperda · Pupation behavior · Moisture preference · Choice and no-choice
Introduction Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a noctuid polyphagous pest that is native to subtropical and tropical regions of the Americas (Nagoshi et al. 2017; Jin et al. 2019). S. frugiperda is a major pest of maize, which has a wide host range of more than 80 plant species and causes serious economic damage to agriculture and * Guy Smagghe [email protected] * Tong‑Xian Liu [email protected] Yan Shi [email protected] Lin‑Yu Li [email protected] Sohaib Shahid [email protected] 1
Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China
Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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pasture production (Johnson 1987; Gouin et al. 2017). In early May 2018, this pest was first discovered in India, and was found in China in January 2019, then it immigrated to north Hebei Province (Li et al. 2019; Sun et al. 2019). Currently, S. frugiperda has been confirmed to be present in most eastern and southern Asian countries (Baloch et al. 2020). The life cycle of S. frugiperda has been well studied in many plant hosts and in many regions (Johnson 1987; Sparks 1979; Xie et al. 2019, 2020). During the last larval stage, S. frugiperda larvae exit their host plant and actively locate suitable sites for pupation. Then, the larva burro
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