Effect of Ti6Al4V surface morphology on the osteogenic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells
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olen C. Reilly and Robert Owen Institute for in silico Medicine (INSIGNEO), University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
Jossano Saldanha Marcuzzo Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), São José dos Campos, SP 12228-970, Brasil
Célia de Fraga Malfatti Laboratório de Pesquisa em Corrosão/Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Minas, Metalúrgica e de Materiais (LAPEC/PPGE3M), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brasil (Received 28 April 2017; accepted 13 September 2017)
Ti6Al4V alloys usually need to undergo some kind of surface treatment to enable good bone growth and implant integration. In this work, three treatments that modify the titanium alloy surface were studied with the aim of promoting osteogenic differentiation of human-embryonicstem-cell-derived mesenchymal progenitors (hESC-MPs). The surface treatments used were mechanical polishing and electropolishing for 4 or 12 min in an H2SO4/HF/glycerine solution. The samples were characterised by atomic force microscopy, profilometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and wettability. Samples were seeded with hESC-MPs in osteogenic media, and the cell number and alkaline phosphatase activity were measured. The electropolishing surface treatments influenced the nanometric morphology and wettability. However, the electropolished surfaces contributed in the same way as the mechanically polished surface to osteogenic differentiation, indicating that differentiation was strongly influenced by microroughness, which did not differ among the treatments used in the present work.
I. INTRODUCTION
Metals and metal alloys are commonly used as biomaterials. It has been shown that it is important to control their surface properties, such as corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, mechanical resistance, and fatigue resistance. The most commonly used metals for orthopedic applications are titanium and titanium alloys such as Ti6Al4V since they have high mechanical resistance, high corrosion resistance, and good biocompatibility.1 In biomedical applications, surface treatment processes and texturing,2 such as electropolishing3–6 or anodisation,7–11 have been proposed to control the roughness and wettability with the aim of enhancing the bone–implant osseointegration process. The use of nanostructured biomaterials in bone regeneration is inspired by the native bone architecture,12 and nanostructure has been suggested to further increase the biomimicry and bioactivity of materials.13,14 Many studies have shown that nanostructured biomaterials promote the Contributing Editor: Lakshmi Nair a) Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2017.392
process of bone regeneration by supporting cell adhesion, spreading, proliferation, and differentiation.15,16 The interactions between stem cells and nanostructured materials are of utmost importance in designing and fabricating novel biomaterials that can guide cell behaviors in a desirable way. Stem cells can have strong interactions with nanost
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