Effects of abamectin-based and difenoconazole-based formulations and their mixtures in Daphnia magna : a multiple endpoi
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Effects of abamectin-based and difenoconazole-based formulations and their mixtures in Daphnia magna: a multiple endpoint approach Raquel Aparecida Moreira1 Giuliana Seraphim de Araujo2 Ana Rita Rego Gouveia Silva2 Michiel Adriaan Daam3 Odete Rocha4 Amadeu M. V. M. Soares2 Susana Loureiro2 ●
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Accepted: 23 April 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This study evaluated the toxicity of pesticide formulations Kraft® 36 EC (active ingredient—a.i. abamectin) and Score® 250 EC (a.i. difenoconazole), and their mixtures in Daphnia magna at different biological levels of organization. Survival, reproduction and biochemical markers (cholinesterase (ChE), catalase (CAT) and lipid peroxidation (LPO)) were some of the endpoints evaluated. Total proteins and lipids were also studied together with energy consumption (Ec). D. magna neonates were exposed for 96 h to Kraft (2, 4, and 6 ng a.i./L) and Score (12.5, 25, and 50 µg a.i./L) for the biochemical experiments, and for 15 days to abamectin (1–5 ng a.i./L) and to difenoconazole (3.12–50 µg a.i./L) to assess possible changes in reproduction. Exposures of organisms to both single compounds did not cause effects to antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes, except for LPO occurring at the highest concentration of difenoconazole tested. For ChE and CAT there was enzymatic induction in mixture treatments organisms, occurring at minor pesticides concentrations for CAT and at the two highest concentrations for ChE. There were no significant differences for total protein in D. magna but lipids showed an increase at the highest concentrations of pesticide mixture combinations. There was a significant increase of Ec in individuals of all treatments tested. In the chronic test, increased fecundity occurred for D. magna under difenoconazole exposures and mixtures. This study demonstrated that mixtures of these pesticides caused greater toxicity to D. magna than when tested individually, except for Ec. Therefore, effects of mixtures are very hard to predict only based on information from single compounds, which most possibly is the result of biological complexity and redundancy in response pathways, which need further experimentation to become better known. Keywords Kraft® 36 EC Score® 250 EC Cholinesterase Oxidative stress Reproduction Energy reserves ●
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Introduction
* Raquel Aparecida Moreira [email protected] 1
NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos 13.560-970, Brazil
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Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810193 Aveiro, Portugal
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CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
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