Mixture toxicity effects of chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, florfenicol in Daphnia magna under different temperatures
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Mixture toxicity effects of chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, florfenicol in Daphnia magna under different temperatures Yuxuan Zhang1,2 Peiyong Guo1,2 Meixian Wang1,2 Yanmei Wu1,2 Yinshi Sun1,2 Haitao Su1,2 Jun Deng1,2 ●
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Accepted: 2 November 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Acute toxicities of chloramphenicol (CAP), thiamphenicol (TAP), and florfenicol (FLO) and their mixtures on Daphnia magna under two representative temperatures of the aquatic environment (20 and 25 °C) have been examined. Their toxicities depicted with an order of 72-h EC50 values were as follows: CAP > FLO > TAP and CAP ≈ FLO > TAP under 20 and 25 °C, separately. Furthermore, the acute toxicity significantly increased with the rise of temperature from 20 to 25 °C in nearly all separate and mixture phenicol antibiotics. Meanwhile, the most toxic combination under two different temperatures was diverse. The nature of toxicological interactions of phenicol antibiotic mixtures was analyzed by Combination Index (CI) equation. In general, a dual synergism-antagonism effect was dominant in nearly all mixtures at both temperatures. The prediction suitability of Concentration Addition (CA), Independent Action (IA) models, and CI method was compared, suggesting that the CI equation seems to be more appropriate for predicting the toxicity values of phenicol drugs than CA and IA models. In brief, phenicol antibiotic mixtures with temperature variation may pose more significant hazards and risks to aquatic organisms; hence, the environment. Keywords Phenicol antibiotics Acute toxicity Elevated temperature Predictive models Combination Index Synergism ●
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Introduction Antibiotics are widely used in hospitals, personal health, agriculture, and aquaculture and have gradually become a significant concern in our lives. In recent years, several kinds of antibiotics with concentrations ranging from ng/L to μg/L and even mg/L have been detected in aquatic environment (Li et al. 2015; Peng et al. 2006; Santos et al. 2010; Van Doorslaer et al. 2015; Yiruhan et al. 2010). Antibiotics in the environment might affect some critical species in the aquatic ecosystem (Choi et al. 2008).
Supplementary information The online version of this article (https:// doi.org/10.1007/s10646-020-02311-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Peiyong Guo [email protected] 1
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021 Fujian, China
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Institute of Environmental and Resources Technology, Huaqiao University, 361021 Xiamen, China
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Also, potential antimicrobial resistance of antibiotics has increased this concern (Marti et al. 2014). Due to their latent hazard, studies of those chemicals on aquatic organisms have been conducted by several researchers (Dalla Bona et al. 2016; Deng et al. 2016; Gómez-Oliván et al. 2014; Ribeiro et al. 2018; Robinson et al. 2005; Wollenberger
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