Effects of Di- n -butyl Phthalate and Diethyl Phthalate on Acetylcholinesterase Activity and Neurotoxicity Related Gene
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Effects of Di-n-butyl Phthalate and Diethyl Phthalate on Acetylcholinesterase Activity and Neurotoxicity Related Gene Expression in Embryonic Zebrafish Hai Xu • Xiaoling Shao • Zhen Zhang • Yanmin Zou • Yao Chen • Songlei Han • Shasha Wang • Xiangyang Wu Liuqing Yang • Zhonglin Chen
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Received: 15 April 2013 / Accepted: 5 September 2013 / Published online: 17 September 2013 Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
Abstract In the present study, zebrafish embryos were used to assess the neurotoxicity of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP) and their mixture. Four-hour post-fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos were exposed to various concentrations of DBP, DEP and their mixture (DBP–DEP) until 96 hpf. The transcriptions levels of selected neuron-related genes reported as neurotoxicity biomarkers were analyzed. The results showed that transcripts of growth associated protein 43 (gap43), embryonic lethal abnormal vision-like 3 (elavl3), glial fibrillary acidic protein (gfap), myelin basic protein (mbp), a1-tubulin and neurogenin1 (ngn1) were significantly up-regulated after DBP, DEP and DBP–DEP mixture exposure. In addition, acetylcholinesterase activity was significantly inhibited in the embryos. These results indicate that DBP and DEP have the potential neurotoxicity in zebrafish embryos. Keywords Di-n-butyl phthalate Diethyl phthalate Acetylcholinesterase Neurotoxicity related gene expression Zebrafish
H. Xu X. Shao Z. Zhang Y. Zou Y. Chen S. Han S. Wang X. Wu (&) School of the Environment, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China e-mail: [email protected] L. Yang School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China Z. Chen (&) State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, Hei Longjiang, China e-mail: [email protected]
Phthalate esters (PAEs), including di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and diethyl phthalate (DEP), are plasticizers that have been extensively used in a variety of consumer products such as sealants, paints, adhesives, cosmetics and food packaging (Staples et al. 1997). These compounds are routinely detected in samples of aquatic environment. For example, in China, the detected concentrations ranged from 0.94 to 3.60 lg/L for DBP, 0.015–0.32 lg/L for DEP (Zeng et al. 2008) in the urban lakes of Guangzhou, whereas, the amounts of DBP in Haihe River were estimated to be at a concentration between 0.35 and 40.68 lg/L (Chi 2009). The common presence of PAEs in aquatic environment would cause a potential risk to aquatic organisms. In fact, PAEs have been found to accumulate in aquatic animals, and have the reproductive abnormalities and embryonic toxicity in fish (Oehlmann et al. 2009). Therefore, it is of particular importance to evaluate the effects of PAEs pollution in the aquatic environmental and its toxicity to aquatic organisms. The nervous system in fish is sensitive to toxic-chemicals insult in aquatic env
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