Effects of electromagnetic fields treatment on rat critical-sized calvarial defects with a 3D-printed composite scaffold
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RESEARCH
Open Access
Effects of electromagnetic fields treatment on rat critical-sized calvarial defects with a 3D-printed composite scaffold Chang Tu1,2, Jingyuan Chen2, Chunwei Huang2, Yifan Xiao3, Xiangyu Tang4, Hao Li2, Yongzhuang Ma2, Jiyuan Yan2, Weigang Li2, Hua Wu2* and Chaoxu Liu2*
Abstract Background: Current strategies for craniofacial defect are faced with unmet outcome. Combining 3D-printing with safe, noninvasive magnetic therapy could be a promising breakthrough. Methods: In this study, polylactic acid/hydroxyapatite (PLA/HA) composite scaffold was fabricated. After seeding rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on scaffolds, the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation capacity of BMSCs were investigated. Additionally, 6-mm critical-sized calvarial defect was created in rats. BMSC-laden scaffolds were implanted into the defects with or without EMF treatment. Results: Our results showed that PLA/HA composite scaffolds exhibited uniform porous structure, high porosity (~ 70%), suitable compression strength (31.18 ± 4.86 MPa), modulus of elasticity (10.12 ± 1.24 GPa), and excellent cytocompatibility. The proliferation and osteogenic differentiation capacity of BMSCs cultured on the scaffolds were enhanced with EMF treatment. Mechanistically, EMF exposure functioned partly by activating mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) or MAPK-associated ERK and JNK pathways. In vivo, significantly higher new bone formation and vascularization were observed in groups involving scaffold, BMSCs, and EMF treatment, compared to scaffold alone. Furthermore, after 12 weeks of implanting, craniums in groups including scaffold, BMSCs, and EMF exposure showed the greatest biomechanical properties. Conclusion: In conclusion, EMF treatment combined with 3D-printed scaffold has great potential applications in craniofacial regeneration. Keywords: Electromagnetic fields, Mesenchymal stem cells, 3D-print, PLA/HA, Critical-sized defect
Background Craniofacial defect caused by trauma, disease, congenital malformation, or surgery remains a challenge for surgeons [1, 2]. Autologous bone grafts, allografts, and xenografts are widely used for craniofacial defect regeneration [3, 4]. However, drawbacks including disease transmission, * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] 2 Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
morbidity in donor site, lack of blood supply, and immune rejection limit their application [5]. Bone tissue engineering has emerged as a practical and promising solution. Especially recently, 3D-printing, as a rapidly evolving field, has showed its unique advantages. In contrast to traditional methods for fabricating 3D scaffolds, 3D-printing technique can provide customized implants with exact structure from computer-assisted design based on computerized tomography (
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