Effects of hemicellulose composition and content on the interaction between cellulose nanofibers
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Effects of hemicellulose composition and content on the interaction between cellulose nanofibers Akio Kumagai
. Takashi Endo
Received: 27 March 2020 / Accepted: 14 October 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract In this study, cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) from softwood and hardwood kraft pulps were prepared with different hemicellulose contents, and the effects of the hemicellulose compositions and contents on the interaction between CNFs were studied. In addition, the effects of CNF interaction on the CNF dispersion stability and viscosity characteristics in the aqueous state were investigated. Using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation, the results of the interaction analysis revealed that hemicellulose moderated the strength of the interaction between CNFs, and the intensity of the interaction changed according to the hemicellulose compositions. The interaction between galactoglucomannans was stronger than that between glucuronoxylans, and CNFs prepared from softwood pulp containing mainly galactoglucomannan showed stronger interaction between CNFs than those prepared from hardwood pulp containing mainly glucuronoxylan. The presence
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03530-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. A. Kumagai (&) T. Endo Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Materials and Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 311-32 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 737-0046, Japan e-mail: [email protected]
of hemicelluloses on the surface of CNFs improved the dispersion stability and increased the viscosity. However, the intensity of the interaction between CNFs, which is dependent on the type of hemicellulose, did not affect these properties. The properties of CNFs in the aqueous state are determined by not only the interaction between CNFs but also several factors such as the morphology of CNFs and physical properties of hemicelluloses. Keywords Cellulose nanofiber Hemicellulose Softwood Hardwood Dispersion stability Viscosity
Introduction Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) have recently received attention as nanomaterials prepared from wood sources and non-wood sources, including agricultural residue and industrial waste (Siro´ and Plackett 2010; Pennells et al. 2020). CNFs are prepared from these plant raw materials by mechanical fibrillation such as grinding, homogenization, and ultrasonication (Pa¨a¨kko¨ et al. 2007; Klemm et al. 2011). By combining chemical treatments such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-oxidation, phosphorylation, and esterification of maleic anhydride, more uniform and fine CNFs can be prepared (Isogai et al. 2011; Noguchi et al. 2017; Iwamoto and Endo 2015). The main components of
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Cellulose
plant cell walls are cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, and the chemical composition of these components do
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