Electrospun cellulose nanofibers from toilet paper
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Electrospun cellulose nanofibers from toilet paper A. G. Kiper1 · A. Özyuguran1 · S. Yaman1 Received: 7 March 2020 / Accepted: 16 July 2020 © Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Toilet paper was used to produce cellulosic nanofibers through electrospinning method. Dissolution of toilet paper was attempted in either solutions of 0.5–8.5 wt% lithium chloride in Dimethylacetamide (LiCl/DMAc) or Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). LiCl/DMAc solvent with concentrations lower than 8 wt% was incapable of completely dissolving the toilet paper even though several days of interaction. 8 wt% solvent dissolved the toilet paper, but the obtained solution was too viscous for spinning, and spraying occurred rather than spinning, and hardly visible deposits with fringed structure formed. In contrast, TFA solution dissolved the toilet paper, and the solutions could be spun easily. In these tests, spinning parameters were changed within the feeding rates of 2.00–9.25 mL/h, needle tip-to-collection plate distances of 140–205 mm, voltage of 23–28 kV, and relative humidity of 53–70%. The produced fibers were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). It was concluded that the produced fibers are ultrafine with nanoscale diameter, and the morphologies of produced fibers are severely in the shape of beadon-string fibers. Besides, the use of TFA solvent led to reduction in the crystallinity of cellulose that is one of the typical intrinsic characteristics of cellulose. Keywords Nanofiber · Cellulose · Toilet paper · Electrospinning · Material cycles · Beads Abbreviations CA Cellulose acetate CrI Crystallinity index DMAc Dimethylacetamide FTIR Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy ILc Ionic liquids Imax Intensity maximum between 2θ = 22° and 23° Imin Intensity minimum between 2θ = 18° and 19° LiCl Lithium chloride SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy TFA Trifluoroacetic acid XRD X-ray Diffraction
* S. Yaman [email protected] 1
Chemical Engineering Department, Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Faculty, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
Introduction Cellulose, that is a fascinating biopolymer, is regarded as the most important potential candidate to substitute the petroleum-based polymers due to various promising characteristics, such as sustainability, renewability, green nature, inexhaustibility, bio-degradability, bio-compatibility, high reinforcing potential, thermal and chemical stability [1]. Accordingly, investigations into nanofibers from cellulose have attracted great interest due to their outstanding properties that show high mechanical performance, large ratio of surface area to mass or volume due to small diameter, tunable porosity, and the diversity of surface functional groups [2,3]. Thus, natural fibers obtained from cellulose have widely been used in textile, biomedical, electronic, defense and security, materials, and environmental areas as non-woven fabrics
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