Efficiencies and mechanisms of steel slag with ferric oxides for removing phosphate from wastewater using a column filte
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Efficiencies and mechanisms of steel slag with ferric oxides for removing phosphate from wastewater using a column filter system Siti Zu Nurain Ahmad 1 & Adel Al-Gheethi 1
&
Rafidah Hamdan 1 & Norzila Othman 1
Received: 24 March 2020 / Accepted: 2 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The current study aimed to investigate the efficiencies and mechanisms of slag filter media for removing phosphorus from synthetic wastewater. The steel slag with high ferric oxides (Fe2O3) was subjected for the electric arc furnace (EAF) and selected as the filter media (HFe). The chemical characteristics of HFe were determined using pH, point of zero charge (PZC) and XRF. The phosphorus removal efficiency was studied in a designed vertical steel slag column rock filters in unaerated HFe (UEF) and aerated HFe (AEF) system. The microstructure of HFe was analyzed by FTIR, XRD and SEM-EDX analysis. The results of XRF revealed that ferric oxide (Fe2O3) ranged from 26.1 to 38.2%. PZC for Filter HFe was recorded at pH 10.55 ± 0.27. The highest efficiencies were recorded by UEF and AEF systems at pH 3 and pH 5 (89.97 ± 4.02% and 79.95 ± 6.25% at pH 3 and 72.97 ± 8.38% and 66.00 ± 12.85% at pH 5 for UEF and AEF, respectively). These findings indicated that AEF exhibiting higher removal than UEF systems might be due to presence high Fe concentration in AEF which play important role in the phosphorus removal. The main elements available on the surface of HFe included carbon, oxygen, iron, calcium, magnesium, silicon, platinum, sulphur, manganese, titanium and aluminium. The XRD analysis indicated that the precipitation of orthophosphate as calcium and iron-phosphates was the removal mechanism as confirmed using FT-IR analysis. These findings demonstrated the efficiency of HFe in removing of phosphorus from wastewater. Keywords Phosphorus . Electric arc furnace (EAF) . Slag filter media . Microstructure . Mechanism
Introduction Phosphorus is among the elements necessary for growth of plants. However, the high concentrations of the element in the natural water systems are associated with the eutrophication (Barca et al. 2013). Hence, the excess concentrations of
Responsible Editor: Tito Roberto Cadaval Jr Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09582-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Adel Al-Gheethi [email protected]; [email protected] * Rafidah Hamdan [email protected] 1
Micro-pollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
phosphorus should be removed from raw wastewater before final discharge into the environment (Morse et al. 1998). The membrane technologies, chemical precipitation, filtration and novel chemical precipitation approaches are the most common methods used for removing phosphorus (Morse et al. 199
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