Efficient protection of microorganisms for delivery to the intestinal tract by cellulose sulphate encapsulation
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Microbial Cell Factories Open Access
RESEARCH
Efficient protection of microorganisms for delivery to the intestinal tract by cellulose sulphate encapsulation Walter H. Gunzburg1,2* , Myo Myint Aung1, Pauline Toa1, Shirelle Ng1, Eliot Read1, Wee Jin Tan1, Eva Maria Brandtner1,3, John Dangerfield1 and Brian Salmons1
Abstract Background: Gut microbiota in humans and animals play an important role in health, aiding in digestion, regulation of the immune system and protection against pathogens. Changes or imbalances in the gut microbiota (dysbiosis) have been linked to a variety of local and systemic diseases, and there is growing evidence that restoring the balance of the microbiota by delivery of probiotic microorganisms can improve health. However, orally delivered probiotic microorganisms must survive transit through lethal highly acid conditions of the stomach and bile salts in the small intestine. Current methods to protect probiotic microorganisms are still not effective enough. Results: We have developed a cell encapsulation technology based on the natural polymer, cellulose sulphate (CS), that protects members of the microbiota from stomach acid and bile. Here we show that six commonly used probiotic strains (5 bacteria and 1 yeast) can be encapsulated within CS microspheres. These encapsulated strains survive low pH in vitro for at least 4 h without appreciable loss in viability as compared to their respective non-encapsulated counterparts. They also survive subsequent exposure to bile. The CS microspheres can be digested by cellulase at concentrations found in the human intestine, indicating one mechanism of release. Studies in mice that were fed CS encapsulated autofluorescing, commensal E. coli demonstrated release and colonization of the intestinal tract. Conclusion: Taken together, the data suggests that CS microencapsulation can protect bacteria and yeasts from viability losses due to stomach acid, allowing the use of lower oral doses of probiotics and microbiota, whilst ensuring good intestinal delivery and release. Keywords: Probiotics, Gut microbiome dysbiosis, Microbiota, Encapsulation, Acid protection, Cellulose sulphate, Living cell encapsulation Background The human gut microbiome, comprising the total genome of gut microbiota [1], plays a major role in facilitating host metabolism and is a major contributor to the regulation and maintenance of host physiology, immunity and the nervous system. Tiny alterations in the status *Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Austrianova Singapore, 41 Science Park Road, #03‑15 The Gemini, Singapore 117610, Singapore Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
and composition of the human microbiome can have tremendous effects, resulting in dysfunction of metabolic, immunological and nervous pathways, and contributing to a broad spectrum of diseases [1, 2]. A recent example specifically links a reduction in Dialister and Coprococcus species that synthesize the dopamine metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid with depressio
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