Electrochemical and Crystallographic Aspects of Lead Granular Growth
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THE synthesis of micro/nanomaterials of face-centered-cubic (fcc) metals remains an important research field in the modern material chemistry due to their unique chemical, electrical, mechanical, and optical characteristics[1–3] and potential application in building blocks for engineering of various materials, e.g., composites, intermetallics, bimetallic core-shells, alloy-based hybrid materials, etc.,[4–14] which represent promising functional materials in energy conversion,[4,5,10] catalysis,[7,11] and sensors.[14] Numerous particle morphologies and techniques for preparation of micro/nanomaterials of fcc metals are presented in the literature. The common morphologies are isotropic particles which include cubic, octahedral, or truncated versions of these shapes and anisotropic ones such as dendrites, wires, whiskers, fibers, rods, stripes, etc.[15] Different techniques including electrodeposition,[16] vapor deposition,[17] sonoelectrochemistry,[18] microwave irradiation,[19] hydrothermal reduction,[20] NEBOJSˇA D. NIKOLIC´, Full Research Professor, SANJA I. STEVANOVIC´, Assistant Research Professor, JASMINA S. STEVANOVIC´, Full Research Professor, and MIOMIR G. PAVLOVIC´, Full Research Professor, are with the ICTM- Institute of Electrochemistry, University of Belgrade, Njegosˇ eva 12, Belgrade, Serbia. Contact e-mail: [email protected] EVICA R. IVANOVIC´, Associate Professor, is with the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia. GORAN BRANKOVIC´, Full Research Professor, and UROSˇ Cˇ. LACˇNJEVAC, Assistant Research Professor, are with the Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Visˇ eslava 1a, Belgrade, Serbia. Manuscript submitted September 24, 2014. Article published online June 3, 2015. 1760—VOLUME 46B, AUGUST 2015
and template method[21] have been explored to synthesize these materials. Electrodeposition is a precise and relatively low-cost method which enables synthesis of different micro/nano structures of pure metals and alloys by easy control of parameters of electrolysis such as current density or overpotential applied, temperature of electrolysis, solution composition, type of working electrode, and addition of additives.[16,22–26] Among the various fcc metals, such as Ag, Cu, Pd, Au, Ni, Pt, and Rh,[15] lead has been attracting great interest in both basic research and industry. This is attributed to its high reactivity and specific properties such as superconductivity,[27,28] catalytic activity,[29] and wide range of applications in electrochemical devices semiconductors,[31] elec(Pb-acid batteries),[30] [32] trochromic devices, and chemical templates.[33] From the electrochemical point of view, Pb, together with Sn, Tl, Cd, Hg, Ag (simple electrolytes), and Zn, belongs to the group of normal metals characterized the extremely large exchange current density values (j0 > 1 A dm2), low melting points, and high overpotentials for hydrogen discharge.[34] There is no unique way for the determination of the exchange current densit
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