Elicitation Improves the Leaf Area, Enzymatic Activities, Antioxidant Activity and Content of Secondary Metabolites in A
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Elicitation Improves the Leaf Area, Enzymatic Activities, Antioxidant Activity and Content of Secondary Metabolites in Achillea millefolium L. Grown in the Field Pedro Henrique Gorni1,2 · Ana Cláudia Pacheco2,3 · Adriana Lima Moro2,3 · Jonathan Fogaça Albuquerque Silva3 · Ronaldo Rossetti Moreli3 · Giovani Rodrigues de Miranda2,3 · Juler Martins Pelegrini3 · Camila Baptistão Zaniboni3 · Kamille Daleck Spera4 · João Luiz Bronzel Junior4 · Regildo Márcio Gonçalves da Silva5 Received: 5 July 2019 / Accepted: 8 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant hormone that stimulates the growth and metabolism of plants, also acting as an abiotic elicitor. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of SA on leaf production, leaf area and synthesis of secondary compounds in yarrow plants. The experiments were conducted under field conditions in two consecutive years and f-received SA foliar applications (T1-control; T2-1.0 mmol L −1 applications at 20, 60 and 100 days after planting (DAP) and T3-1.0 mmol L−1 applications at 100 DAP during 3 days). The exogenous application of SA resulted in increases in leaf area (total and specific), number of leaves and leaf mass ratio of yarrow plants, polyphenolic compounds, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase enzymes and the antioxidant activity of the plant extract. The HPLC–DAD–MS/MS analysis of phenolic compounds revealed increases in the amounts of quinic acid and rutin. The results of this research lead us to affirm that SA exerted both the hormonal effect on number of leaves and leaf area, and also acted as eliciting substance. Keywords Salicylic acid · Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase · Chalcone synthase · Phenolic compounds · HPLC–DAD–MS/ MS
Introduction
* Pedro Henrique Gorni [email protected] 1
Faculdades Gammon, Rua Prefeito Jayme Monteiro 791, Paraguaçu Paulista, São Paulo 19700‑000, Brazil
2
CEVOP – Centro de Estudo em Ecofisiologia Vegetal do Oeste Paulista, Universidade Do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Rodovia Raposo Tavares, km 572, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo 19067‑175, Brazil
3
Universidade Do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
4
Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
5
Laboratory of Herbal Medicine and Natural Products, Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis, São Paulo, Brazil
Achillea millefolium L. (yarrow) is a perennial species, belonging to the family Asteraceae, commercially produced as raw material for the phyto-medicinal and tea industries. A variety of pharmacological properties are attributed to A. millefolium, such as spasmolytic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hemostatic, antidiabetic, antitumor, antioxidant, antifungal, antiseptic and liver protector effects; moreover, this species is considered as a good source of flavonoids and phenolic acids (Fierascu et al. 2015; Ali et al. 2017; Af
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