Enzymatic Activity in Halophytes
Halophytes include plants which reveal strong salt tolerance, making them able of living and proliferating in high salinity conditions. For this reason, halophytes have developed distinct morphological, structural, and physiological strategies to survive
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tents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Antioxidant Enzymes Responses of Halophytes Grown in Their Natural Habitats . . . . . . . . 3 Antioxidant Enzyme Responses of Halophytes Grown in Stress Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 NaCl Effect on Halophytes Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Seawater Effect and Other Salts on Halophyte Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Ca2+ Effect on Halophytes Under Salt Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Abstract
Halophytes include plants which reveal strong salt tolerance, making them able of living and proliferating in high salinity conditions. For this reason, halophytes have developed distinct morphological, structural, and physiological strategies to survive in these high salt environments. The essential components of plants’ salinity stress tolerance mechanisms are oxidative stress signaling and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The equilibrium between production and scavenging of ROS is perturbed under a number of stressful conditions like salinity, drought, flooding, toxicity due to metals or nutrient deficiencies, etc. In the absence of protective mechanisms, ROS are toxic and can cause oxidative damage to lipids, protein, and DNA. To tolerate disturbances in ROS homeostasis caused by high salinity alone or in combination with other stresses, halophytes have evolved a range of adaptations. The regulation of ROS levels in the cellular compartments of plants cell plays a key role in response to salt stress. Plants control the ROS level by a range of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants. The main antioxidant enzymes studied that protect L. Oprică (*) Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania G. Vochit‚a Institute of Biological Research Iasi, branch of NIRDBS, Iasi, Romania © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 M.-N. Grigore (ed.), Handbook of Halophytes, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17854-3_77-1
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L. Oprica˘ and G. Vochit‚ a
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halophytes from harmful ROS production during salt stress include superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) peroxidases (POX), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Keywords
Antioxidant enzymes · Halophytes · Oxidative damage · Stress condition · Reactive oxygen species
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Introduction
Halophytes or “salt-loving plants” are well-adapted and thrive under high salinity by using two strategies, salt tolerance and
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