Embryonic circulating endothelial progenitor cells
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REVIEW PAPER
Embryonic circulating endothelial progenitor cells Sandra Díaz del Moral1,2 · Silvia Barrena1,2 · Ramón Muñoz‑Chápuli1,2 · Rita Carmona1,2 Received: 4 March 2020 / Accepted: 22 June 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The development of vascular system in vertebrates has been traditionally explained by early vasculogenic assembly of angioblasts followed by angiogenic outgrowth of pre-existing vessels. The discovery of adult endothelial progenitor cells (Asahara et al. in Science 275(5302):964–967, 1997) challenged this view, since postnatal vascular growth could be accomplished by recruitment of circulating cells with the ability to differentiate into endothelial cells. However, the existence of embryonic circulating endothelial progenitor cells and their actual contribution to vascular development is far less known. We review in this paper the literature concerning the features, origin and physiological functions of embryonic and foetal circulating endothelial progenitors. Our review includes the early (E7.5) progenitors isolated from yolk sac, the hematovascular progenitors identified in the foetal liver, the yolk sac-derived erythro-myeloid progenitors, circulating hematopoietic cells from the G2-GATA4 lineage and the endothelial colony-forming cells isolated from the placenta and umbilical cord blood. We highlight the need of further characterization of these populations and the relationships between them. Keywords Endothelial progenitor cells · Vasculogenesis · Endothelial colony-forming cells · Vascular growth
Introduction The development and growth of the vessels depend on two main processes involving the endothelial cells. Vasculogenesis is the de novo formation of endothelial tubes in the embryo by assembly of mesodermal cells called angioblasts. Angiogenesis is the process of vascular sprouting from preexisting vessels [1]. This process involves activation, proliferation and migration of endothelial cells in response to angiogenic stimuli. During embryonic angiogenesis, tissueresident angioblasts can eventually be recruited and incorporated to the growing vessels. Adult angiogenesis, however, can be accomplished only by mature endothelial cells. It was thought for long time that these processes were necessary and sufficient to explain the full deployment of the Sandra Díaz del Moral and Silvia Barrena have contributed equally to this work. * Rita Carmona [email protected] 1
Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND) and Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
2
vascular tree throughout the vertebrate body, including the postnatal vascular growth, either in physiological or pathological conditions (e.g. supporting tumour growth). This concept was challenged in the late 90s by Isner’s [2], who demonstrated that circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) derived from bone marrow and expressing CD34 and VEGFR2, were able to differentiate into
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