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Endophytes from Gingko biloba: the current status Rufin Marie Kouipou Toghueo

Received: 2 August 2019 / Revised: 29 April 2020 / Accepted: 2 May 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020

Abstract The maidenhair tree (Gingko biloba) over his long period of existence has developed the ability to withstand multiple and diverse environmental stresses and microbial diseases. This species can, therefore, constitute a very good candidate for microbiological research. In fact, besides its outstanding pharmaceutical properties, several studies over the past two decades have also demonstrated that this fossil tree hosts numerous and highly diverse endophytic microorganisms. In this review, we summarized the current trend of knowledge on the different groups of microbial species inhabiting G. biloba including novel microbial species recently identified. Moreover, novel secondary metabolites isolated from these endophytes and their associated biological activities are also discussed. Our investigation is indicating clearly that G. biloba is a very rich source of endophytes because more than 30 genera of fungi and bacteria have already been reported as endophytes of this plant. However, because only a very small fraction of isolated endophytes was fully characterized, this diversity is highly underestimated, besides the paucity of information regarding endophytic bacteria and

R. M. K. Toghueo (&) Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit (AmBcAU), Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde´ I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde´, Cameroon e-mail: [email protected]

actinomycetes. We also brought to light the fact that limited is data regarding the bioactive spectrum of these endophytes. From this summary of data from the last two decades, it has become clear that more investigations are needed to fully characterize the endophytic microbial community inhabiting the maidenhair tree for both microbiological and pharmaceutical purposes. Keywords Gingko biloba  Endophytic microorganisms  Novel microbial species  Secondary metabolites  Biological activities

Introduction The use of natural products as medicines precedes recorded human history probably by thousands of years (Ji et al. 2009). Because of the diverse biological activities and medicinal potential of these products, every civilization has accumulated experience and knowledge of their use (Kong et al. 2008a; b; Ji et al. 2009). Natural products have been the source of most of the active ingredients of medicines (Newman et al. 2000; Harvey 2008). These products are derived from natural sources such as plants, animals or microorganisms. Microbes exist on earth for 3.5 billion years (Cavalier-Smith 2006). During this long period of

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existence, they have evolved and adapted to nearly every environment type and colonized practically all ecological niches (Macalady et al. 2013; Bauer et al. 2018), including higher plants (Bacon and Whi