The evaluation of fired clay brick production in terms of energy efficiency: a case study in Turkey
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
The evaluation of fired clay brick production in terms of energy efficiency: a case study in Turkey İzzet Yüksek Tahtalı
&
Saniye Karaman Öztaş & Gürhan
Received: 22 December 2019 / Accepted: 20 August 2020 / Published online: 26 August 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract High energy consumption in building material production has a significant effect on global warming and other environmental pollution, which has brought into prominence building materials whose production consumes less energy and uses renewable energy sources. In particular, the production phase of brick, a commonly used material in building construction, has an important effect on energy consumption. This study aims to obtain and analyse local energy data in each phase of brick production, compare the energy consumption of local brick factories using different kiln types in Turkey, and contribute to the development of processes for energy-efficient brick production. For this purpose, all the necessary energy data were collected from two factories, one of which uses a Hoffman and the other a tunnel kiln in the system boundary from cradleto-gate. The local energy data were analysed for the two factories on the assumption that they would reflect the data for the same or similar brick production methods and technologies in Turkey, and this local data and data gathered from the literature were compared in terms of İ. Yüksek (*) Fine Arts Design and Architecture Faculty, Department of Architecture, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey e-mail: [email protected] S. K. Öztaş Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey G. Tahtalı Dev Blok Brick Factory, Solar Energy Institute, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
energy consumption. The findings point out that while most energy is consumed during the firing process in both factories, the tunnel factory consumes more energy in total than the Hoffman factory because of the clay preparation process and the calorific value and moisture content of the coal used for firing. The study also reveals that the potential exists for energy efficiency gains in brick production in Turkey. Keywords Fired brick . Energy . Tunnel kiln . Hoffman kiln
Introduction The production stage of building materials is responsible for most of the intensive energy and resource consumption that results from their use (Murmu and Patel 2018). Firing, the most common method for producing bricks, consumes an enormous amount of energy and leaves a large carbon footprint (Almeida et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2018). The fired bricks currently produced consume a considerable amount of energy during the firing process, requiring temperatures between 1000 and 1200 °C depending on the clay (Marin et al. 2016; Grifa et al. 2017). Achieving such temperatures makes brick production an energy-intensive process (Zhang 2013; Narasimha and Nagesha 2013; Darain et al. 2013). Energy efficiency is thus of great importance to brick manufacturers and their business operations
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