Enhanced Attachment and Proliferation of Fibroblasts on Anodized 316L Stainless Steel with Nano-pit Arrays
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Enhanced Attachment and Proliferation of Fibroblasts on Anodized 316L Stainless Steel with Nano-pit Arrays Siyu Ni1, 2, Linlin Sun2, Batur Ercan2, Luting Liu2, Katherine Ziemer2, and Thomas J. Webster2, 3 1 College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA 3 Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to prepare various sized nano-pits on 316 L stainless steel and examine their effects on the attachment and proliferation of fibroblasts. In this study, 316L stainless steel with tunable pit sizes (0, 25, 50, and 60 nm) were fabricated by an anodization procedure in an ethylene glycol electrolyte solution containing 5 vol.% perchloric acid. The surface morphology of 316L stainless steel were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The nano-pit arrays on all the 316L stainless steel samples were in a regular arrangement. The surface properties of the 316L stainless steel nano-pit surface showed improved wettability properties as compared to the untreated 316L stainless steel. The nano-pit surfaces with 50 nm and 60 nm diameter were rougher at the nanoscale than other samples. The attachment and proliferation of fibroblasts were investigated for up to 3 days in culture using MTT assays. Compared to unanodized (that is, nano-smooth) and smooth surfaces, 50 and 60 nm diameter nano-pit surfaces dramatically enhanced the initial fibroblast attachment and growth up to 3 days in culture. The results reported in this study showed that the 50 and 60 nm nano-pit surfaces promoted fibroblast adhesion and proliferation by increasing the surface roughness and adsorption of fibronectin. Such nano-pit surfaces can be designed to support fibroblast growth and be important for improving the use of 316L stainless steel for various implant applications (such as for improved skin healing for amputee devices or for percutaneous implants). INTRODUCTION Over the past few decades, the field of biomaterials has shifted in emphasis from achieving a bioinert tissue response to stimulating specific cellular responses at the molecular level [1]. Designing biomaterial surfaces to direct specific cellular responses in a predictable manner has drawn enormous attention, yet little work has been done for one of our oldest biomaterials, stainless steel [2]. 316 L stainless steel is one of the most widely used metallic biomaterials in cardiovascular stents, orthopedic implants and spinal fixation devices because of its high strength, durability and acceptable biocompatibility [2]. However, 316L stainless steel has always been viewed as bioinert and sometimes causes long-term clinical problems. To solve these problems, surface modification seems to be an economical and efficient way to promote immediate and
long-term implant fixation, thus, avoiding long-term implant problems [1,
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