Enhancing sensitivity of carbon dots as Fe ion sensor using time-resolved photoluminescence technique
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RESEARCH PAPER
Enhancing sensitivity of carbon dots as Fe ion sensor using time-resolved photoluminescence technique Ismira Wahyu Lestari Lewa
&
Isnaeni Isnaeni
Received: 23 March 2020 / Accepted: 12 August 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Carbon dots are carbon-based nano materials that have been widely used as heavy metal ion detectors to replace quantum dot semiconductors such as CdS, CdSe, and CdTe which are dangerous to the environment. Cdots are known to be used as nanoparticle probe for the detection of heavy metal ions. Since the advantages of Cdots are sensitive and non toxic. Cdots also have some special properties such as biocompatible, high water solubility, and have high luminescence intensity. However, the detection of heavy metal ions using Cdots still have many limitations such as requiring doping materials Several techniques have been used to measure heavy metal by using CDots; however, their sensitivity needs to improve. We propose time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) measurement method to detect Fe3+ ions using CDots made of citric acid and urea. We conducted several other detection methods and compare the results to TRPL method. We found that TRPL method provides direct and high sensitivity compared with other methods. Concentration of Fe3+ ions as low as 0.23 nM can be easily detected using TRPL. Our TRPL measurement is also better than inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICPOES) measurement system. I. W. L. Lewa (*) : I. Isnaeni Research Center for Physics, Indonesian Institute of Science, Puspiptek, Tangerang, Banten 15310, Indonesia e-mail: [email protected]
I. Isnaeni e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords Time-resolved photoluminescence . Carbon dots . Heavy metal ions . Detection
Introduction Sensor technology has been shifting from a complex system to a simple system based on nanotechnology. Researchers around the world have developed various techniques to detect the heavy metal, which is one kind of the dangerous pollutants, using simplified technique such as electrochemical methods (Bansod et al. 2017), atomic absorption spectroscopy (Adu et al. 2020), surface plasmon resonance (Zhang et al. 2020), capillary electrophoresis (Song et al. 2020), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Manousi et al. 2020). However, these techniques have several disadvantages such as requiring large instruments, time consuming, and expensive cost (Kim et al. 2018). In order to replace these complicated techniques, there is a simple technique, i.e., optical method using luminescence principle (Namdari et al. 2017) that can be applied as sensor system. This method is widely used because the detection can be done by spectrophotometer or direct observation by eyes, resulting in fast reading and low cost. Thus, optical detection based on luminescence can drive a faster and simpler analysis (Gunnlaugsson et al. 2006). Optical methods usually require fluorescent materials. Nowadays, nanoparticles are the main fluorescent materials for this detection technique.
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