Entry Inhibitors: Efficient Means to Block Viral Infection
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Entry Inhibitors: Efficient Means to Block Viral Infection Gourab Prasad Pattnaik1 · Hirak Chakraborty1,2 Received: 30 June 2020 / Accepted: 14 August 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The emerging and re-emerging viral infections are constant threats to human health and wellbeing. Several strategies have been explored to develop vaccines against these viral diseases. The main effort in the journey of development of vaccines is to neutralize the fusion protein using antibodies. However, significant efforts have been made in discovering peptides and small molecules that inhibit the fusion between virus and host cell, thereby inhibiting the entry of viruses. This class of inhibitors is called entry inhibitors, and they are extremely efficient in reducing viral infection as the entry of the virus is considered as the first step of infection. Nevertheless, these inhibitors are highly selective for a particular virus as antibodybased vaccines. The recent COVID-19 pandemic lets us ponder to shift our attention towards broad-spectrum antiviral agents from the so-called ‘one bug-one drug’ approach. This review discusses peptide and small molecule-based entry inhibitors against class I, II, and III viruses and sheds light on broad-spectrum antiviral agents. Graphic Abstract
Keywords Entry inhibitor · Viral infection · Membrane fusion
Viral Infections
* Hirak Chakraborty [email protected]; [email protected] 1
School of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha 768 019, India
Centre of Excellence in Natural Products and Therapeutics, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha 768 019, India
2
In the current scenario, emerging and re-emerging viral infections are the major pandemic threats to humankind. The rate of replication of virion and the rate of transmission play crucial roles for any viral infections. Most of the viruses are zoonotic in nature, which transmit from animals to humans. HIV, filoviruses (such as Ebola and Marburg), henipaviruses (such as Hendra and Nipah), coronaviruses (such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV)
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and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERSCoV), COVID-19), and influenza are some popular examples of zoonoses. In addition, some virus families like flaviviridae (such as Dengue virus (DENV), bunyaviridae (Hanta virus), and arenaviridae (Junin and Lassa virus) are animal or arthropod-borne, and also cause deadliest viral diseases (Vigant et al. 2015). A summary of some viral epidemic is shown in Table 1. Initiatives have been taken to develop antiviral agents to intervene viral infection, and most of the strategies are based on the ‘one bug-one drug’ approach. However, this strategy is not adequate for responding to an ever-increasing number of emerging and re-emerging disease-causing viruses. In addition, there are many mammalian viruses present in the wildlife reservoir which remain to be discovered (Vigant et al. 2015
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