Environmental Impacts of Microbial Insecticides Need and Methods for
Biological pesticides are increasingly finding therr place in IPM and increasing numbers of products are making therr way to the marketplace. Particularly in China, Latin America and Australia, implementation is proceeding on a large scale. However, in th
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The titZes published in this se ries are listed at the end 0/ this volurne.
Environmental Impacts of Microbial Insecticides Need and Methods for Risk Assessment
Edited by
Heikki M. T. Hokkanen Department 0/ Applied Biology, University 0/ Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
and
Ann E. Hajek Department 0/ Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A.
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
A c.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-90-481-6100-3 ISBN 978-94-017-1441-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-1441-9
Cover photo: A healthy late instar larva of Hippodamia convergens (Coccinellidae) eating and surrounded by Metopolophium dirhodum (rose-grain aphid) on oats. One aphid has been killed by an unidentified entomophthoralean fungal pathogen. (Photo by Jack KeHy Clark, courtesy University of Califomia Statewide IPM Program)
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved © 2003 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2003 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2003 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exc1usive use by the purchaser of the work.
Dedication
This book is dedicated to Dr. Christopher J. Lomer (1957-2001). Chris initially served as co-editor of this volume presenting the contents of a symposium he helped organize for the 200 1 meeting of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology, at Noordwijkerhout, Netherlands. Chris was born in Oxford and received degrees from Cambridge, Imperial College and the University of London, basing his graduate studies on viral entomopathogens. Over his career, the majority of Chris' research was conducted overseas with early studies in the Seychelles and Indonesia. Chris becarne best known for his efforts from 1991-1999 working at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture in Benin, Africa, developing Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum for control of grasshoppers and locusts. He served as leader of this very successful programme from 1994. In 1999, Chris moved to Ankara, Turkey and then Copenhagen, Denmark, continuing his work developing pathogens for insect control. Chris was an enthusiastic and inspirational insect pathologist who made valuable contributions to this discipline through his research, teaching, leadership, outreach, and insightful and synthetic communications. On a personal basis, Chris' joy in life, enthusiasm and optimism, humour and comradeship made hirn an exceptional colleague.
CONTENTS Dedication Contributors Preface SECTION I
v ix xi GENERAL FRAMEWORK
1. Ecological risk assessment framework for biological control agents H.M.T. Hokkmten, F.Bigler, G. Burgio, 1.C. van Lenteren and M.B. Thomas SECTIONII
1
