Environmental Microbiology

The nature and scope of the text The environment in which we live has to a large extent been determined by the activities of innumerable organisms interacting with each other and with their immediate surroundings. From the point of view of the microbiolog

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TERTIARY LEVEL BIOLOGY

A series covering selected areas of biology at advanced undergraduate level. While designed specifically for course options at this level within Universities and Polytechnics, the series will be of great value to specialists and research workers in other fields who require a knowledge of the essentials of a subject.

Titles in the series: Experimentation in Biology Methods in Experimental Biology Visceral Muscle Biological Membranes Comparative Immunobiology Water and Plants Biology of Nematodes An Introduction to Biological Rhythms Biology of Ageing Biology of Reproduction An Introduction to Marine Science Biology of Fresh Waters An Introduction to Developmental Biology Physiology of Parasites Neurosecretion Biology of Communication Population Genetics Structure and Biochemistry of Cell Organelles Developmental Microbiology Genetics of Microbes Biological Functions of Carbohydrates Endocrinology The Estuarine Ecosystem Animal Osmoregulation Molecular Enzymology

Ridgman Ralph Huddart and Hunt Harrison and Lunt Manning and Turner Meidner and Sheriff Croll and Matthews Saunders Lamb Hogarth Meadows and Campbell Maitland Ede Chappell Maddrell and Nordmann Lewis and Gower Gale Reid Peberdy Bainbridge Candy Goldsworthy, Robinson and Mordue McLusky Rankin and Davenport Wharton and Eisenthal

TERTIARY LEVEL BIOLOGY

Environmental Microbiology W. D. GRANT, B.Se., Ph.D. Lecturer in Microbiology University of Leicester and

P. E. LONG, B.Se., Ph.D. Lecturer in Botany University of Leicester

Blackie Glasgow and London

Blackie & Son Limited Bishopbriggs Glasgow G64 2NZ Furnival House 14-18 High Holborn London WC1 V 6BX

© 1981

W. D. Grant and P. E. Long First published 1981

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the Publishers

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Grant, W. D. Environmental microbiology.-(Tertiary level biology) 1. Ecology I. Title II. Long, P. E. III. Series 574.5 QH541 ISBN-13 : 978-0-216-91152-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-8537-4 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4615-8537-4

Filmset by Advanced Filmsetters (Glasgow) Ltd

Preface The nature and scope of the text The environment in which we live has to a large extent been determined by the activities of innumerable organisms interacting with each other and with their immediate surroundings. From the point of view of the microbiologist, it is obvious that microbial activity has a great part to play in the continuing maintenance of conditions suitable for other forms of life on this planet. There has therefore always been an awareness of the need for a good understanding of how microorganisms react in the environment, and this has been heightened from time to time as detrimental microbial activities become evident under certain conditions. The need for a good understanding has recently assumed a new importance as the era of microbial manipulation dawns-microbio