Environmental risk assessment of priority biocidal substances on Polish surface water sample
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SHORT RESEARCH AND DISCUSSION ARTICLE
Environmental risk assessment of priority biocidal substances on Polish surface water sample Justyna Durak 1 & Tomasz Rokoszak 1 & Alicja Skiba 2 & Przemysław Furman 2 & Katarzyna Styszko 1 Received: 8 August 2020 / Accepted: 6 November 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The EU directive 2013/39/EU has incorporated four biocidal compounds as priority substances: diuron, isoproturon, cybutryne, and terbutryn. The research was undertaken to determine the concentration of biocides in surface waters in three locations in southern Poland: the Wisła River in Kraków, the Wisłoka River in Mielec, and the drainage ditch draining water from arable fields located near Mielec. Environmental samples were taken in two series: winter (February) and spring (May and June). The analyses were carried out using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. The seasonality of biocides in surface waters was observed. In winter samples, the concentrations were below MQL, while in spring, they ranged from a few to several dozen nanograms per liter. The highest concentrations of all analyzed compounds were recorded in water taken from the Wisła River. According to directive 2013/39/EU, the maximum allowable concentration was exceeded only in the case of cybutryne in water from the Wisła, both in May and in June. The assessment of the toxicity with the tested compounds was defined based on the Environmental Risk Assessment method. Low risk was estimated for diuron and isoproturon, while moderate risk for terbutryn and cybutryne. Keywords Biocides . Surface water . Water pollution . Ecological risk assessment (ERA) . Toxicity . Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
Introduction The rapid development of industry means that the natural environment is exposed to all kinds of contamination with toxic organic and inorganic compounds. This problem concerns especially soils and waters, both surface and underground. One of the most serious threats to the environment is the contamination of surface waters by compounds called biocides (Ormad et al. 2008; Palma et al. 2014; Ccanccapa et al. 2016; Styszko and Kupiec 2016). Biocides are both compounds of natural origin (extracts of herbs), as well as Responsible Editor: Ester Heath * Katarzyna Styszko [email protected] 1
Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Department of Coal Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
2
Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Department of Applied Nuclear Physics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
compounds obtained through chemical synthesis (pesticides, seed treatment). These compounds affect the elimination and neutralization of a given group of organisms from the environment, i.e., plants, insects, or fungi. Biocides are a very general term for all substances that enable a fight against harmful organisms (Biziuk 2001). Biocidal preparations are commonly used in the industry and households to prevent spreading organisms, which can be dangerous for huma
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