Estimating the Pollution Level Based on Heavy Metal Concentration in Water Bodies of Tiruppur District
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Estimating the Pollution Level Based on Heavy Metal Concentration in Water Bodies of Tiruppur District A. Rajesh1 • G. Wiselin Jiji2
•
Johnson Durai Raj2
Received: 5 April 2019 / Accepted: 10 October 2019 Indian Society of Remote Sensing 2019
Abstract The increase in toxic metal concentration leads to environmental pollution. The pollution level can be estimated by measuring the concentration of these heavy metals. This work was conducted to determine the level of heavy metal contamination in the water bodies due to the activities of industries. This paper discusses the concentrations of few heavy metals which were measured in Tiruppur District, Tamil Nadu, India, known for dyeing activities. The heavy metal concentrations have been investigated using water samples and remote sensing data (Cartosat-2) with the relevant water standards. Recursive linear regression analysis is applied for estimating the concentration from remote sensing data. Based on these estimated concentrations of the pollution level, mapping was done using clustering and band-max mechanism. Finally, the heavy metal concentration estimated from remote sensing data was correlated with in situ heavy metal concentration data and results are analyzed. Keywords Water pollution Remote sensing Classification Metal concentration
Introduction Today, all around the globe, the cause for the environmental pollution is the increase in toxic metal concentration. It is necessary to find appropriate analytical tools that would be able to determine the pollutants in the place of occurrence (in situ) (Beklova et al. 2011). Over the last two decades, the system called ‘‘lab-on-a chip’’ (LOC) has been developed. These analytical tools are able to perform all the steps required for sample analysis. A lot of methodologies have been proposed to analyze the data which are sensed remotely. By the evolution of digital imaging and colorimetric analysis, Oliveira et al. (2013) used it to determine the concentration of substance in analytical sciences.
& G. Wiselin Jiji [email protected] 1
Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Indian Space Research Organization, Veli, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695022, India
2
Dr Sivanthi Aditanar College of Engineering, Thiruchendur 628 215, India
In situ studies of Ritchie et al. (1976)concluded that wavelengths between 700 and 800 nm were most useful for determining suspended sediments in surface waters. However, Curran and Novo (1988)reviewed the remote sensing of suspended sediments and found that many wavelengths have been used and also found that the optimum wavelength was related to suspended sediment concentration. Ritchie and cooper (1988) developed algorithms for the relationship between the concentration of suspended sediments and radiance or reflectance. The studies of Ritchie and cooper (1991) took the next step and used these algorithms to estimate suspended sediments for another time or place. Once algorithm is developed, it should be applicable until some watershed event changes the quality (s
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