The Problem of Reducing the Diffuse Pollution of Water Bodies and Improving the Efficiency of Water Protection Programs
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ORATION OF THE VOLGA
The Problem of Reducing the Diffuse Pollution of Water Bodies and Improving the Efficiency of Water Protection Programs V. I. Danilov-Danilyana, V. O. Polyanina, *, T. B. Fashchevskayaa, N. V. Kirpichnikovaa, M. A. Kozlovaa, and E. V. Venitsianova aWater
Problems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333 Russia *e-mail: [email protected]
Received February 25, 2020; revised April 2, 2020; accepted April 4, 2020
Abstract—Regularities in the formation of diffuse pollution of water bodies are discussed as their understanding is required for the development of an adequate water-protection strategy. The main scientific, methodological, and managerial problems of the regulation of diffuse pollution are related to the character of pollutant inputs into the environment and the complex character of the relationships between the anthropogenic impact on the drainage area and the response of a water body (changes in water quality and the environmental conditions) to such impact. The major lines and the basic principles for the implementation of the concept of reducing diffuse pollution are outlined; they are of general environmental character, but gain in importance in the context of regulation of diffuse pollution sources either in the Volga basin or in other water bodies suffering considerable effect of economic activity. Keywords: diffuse pollution, monitoring, water quality, drainage area, water-protection measures DOI: 10.1134/S009780782005005X
INTRODUCTION The Volga is the largest river in Europe and the main artery in European Russia. According to the data of official state reports [10, 21], the majority of streams and water bodies in the Volga Basin show the 3rd and 4th water quality classes (polluted and dirty water). The total number of the cases of extremely high and high pollution of surface water in the Volga basin in 2017 and 2018 reached 939 and 905, respectively; this is far in excess of the same characteristic for other large river basins (except for the Ob in 2018) and accounts for 30–35% of the total number of such cases in the Russian Federation. Among the 39 constituent entities of the federation that fully or partially lie in the Volga Basin, leading in this respect are Astrakhan, Vladimir, Kirov, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Ryazan, Samara, Sverdlovsk, Tver, Tula, Ul’yanovsk, and Chelyabinsk oblasts, Perm krai, and the Republic of Udmurtia [6, 7]. The contribution of the natural component to the pollution of water objects in the Volga Basin is relatively low and commonly hardly comparable with the anthropogenic effect. The natural concentrations of pollutants such as iron, manganese, organic compounds, and, in some cases, particulate matter, are commonly high. Important natural sources of organic matter are bogs, covering large areas in Tver, Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov, and some other oblasts lying in the Volga basin.
The major factors known to have an adverse effect on water quality have been commonly assumed to be the discharges of untreated or poor
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