Ethephon induces coordinated ripening acceleration and divergent coloration responses in fig ( Ficus carica L.) flowers
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Ethephon induces coordinated ripening acceleration and divergent coloration responses in fig (Ficus carica L.) flowers and receptacles Yuanyuan Cui1 · Yanlei Zhai1 · Moshe Flaishman2 · Jinping Li3 · Shangwu Chen4 · Chuanlin Zheng1 · Huiqin Ma1 Received: 24 August 2020 / Accepted: 4 November 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Key message The regulatory landscape of ethephon-accelerated fig ripening is revealed; flowers and receptacles exhibit opposite responses in anthocyanin accumulation; PG, PL and EXP are suggested key genes in fig softening. Abstract Ethephon is used to accelerate fig-fruit ripening for improvement of harvesting efficiency, but the underlying molecular mechanism is still unclear. To elucidate the detailed biological mechanism of ethylene-accelerated fig ripening, fruit in phase II (the lag phase on the double sigmoid growth curve) were treated with ethephon, and reached commercial ripeness 6 days earlier than the nontreated controls. Transcriptomes of flowers and the surrounding receptacles—which together make up the pseudocarp in fig fruit—were analyzed. There were 5189, 5818 and 2563 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) 2, 4 and 6 days after treatment (DAT) in treated compared to control fruit, screened by p-adjust TPM ≥ 500 groups 2 and 4 DAT in both female flowers and receptacles, except for DEGs c38944_g1 and c59932_g1. A similar downregulation trend could be seen with the two lower TPM value groups. The downregulation trend of ERFs generally ended 6 DAT (Fig. 3b, Supplementary Table 3). Abscisic acid (ABA) ABA also plays an important role in regulating fruit ripening (Zhang et al. 2009). Nine DEGs related to ABA metabolism and signal transduction were identified in our study, only two
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Plant Molecular Biology
Fig. 3 Expression profile of ethylene-related genes. a Expression changes of ethylene biosynthesis-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs). SAMS: S-adenosylmethionine synthase; ACS: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase; ACO: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase. Only those with TPM value ≥ 100 in at least one of the 14 samples are listed; the others can be found in
Supplementary Table 3. b Changes in gene expression of ethyleneresponse factors (ERFs). DEGs were divided into four subgroups according to TPM values. E2F, E4F, E6F: ethephon-treated flowers, 2, 4 and 6 days after treatment, respectively; E2R, E4R, E6R, ethephon-treated receptacles, 2, 4 and 6 days after treatment, respectively; C2F, C4F, C6F, C2R, C4R, C6R, respective controls
of which had TPM values higher than 50 in at least one of the 14 samples: the rate-limiting enzyme for ABA synthesis NCED (9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, c45734_g2) and the ABA receptor PYL (c32835_g1) (Fig. 4a, Supplementary Table 4). Four NCEDs (c19937_g1, c19937_g2, c45734_g2 and c36086_g1) were upregulated in both female flowers and receptacles 2 and 4 DAT, whereas 6 DAT, only c45734_g2 was downregulated in both female flowers and receptacles. Abscisic acid 8′-hydroxyase (c32671_g1), involved in ABA degradati
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