Comparative transcriptome analysis of male and female flowers in Spinacia oleracea L
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Comparative transcriptome analysis of male and female flowers in Spinacia oleracea L Ning Li, Ziwei Meng, Minjie Tao, Yueyuan Wang, Yulan Zhang, Shufen Li, Wujun Gao and Chuanliang Deng*
Abstract Background: Dioecious spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), a commercial and nutritional vegetable crop, serves as a model for studying the mechanisms of sex determination and differentiation in plants. However, this mechanism is still unclear. Herein, based on PacBio Iso-seq and Illumina RNA-seq data, comparative transcriptome analysis of male and female flowers were performed to explore the sex differentiation mechanism in spinach. Results: Compared with published genome of spinach, 10,800 transcripts were newly annotated; alternative splicing, alternative polyadenylation and lncRNA were analyzed for the first time, increasing the diversity of spinach transcriptome. A total of 2965 differentially expressed genes were identified between female and male flowers at three early development stages. The differential expression of RNA splicing-related genes, polyadenylation-related genes and lncRNAs suggested the involvement of alternative splicing, alternative polyadenylation and lncRNA in sex differentiation. Moreover, 1946 male-biased genes and 961 female-biased genes were found and several candidate genes related to gender development were identified, providing new clues to reveal the mechanism of sex differentiation. In addition, weighted gene co-expression network analysis showed that auxin and gibberellin were the common crucial factors in regulating female or male flower development; however, the closely coexpressed genes of these two factors were different between male and female flower, which may result in spinach sex differentiation. Conclusions: In this study, 10,800 transcripts were newly annotated, and the alternative splicing, alternative polyadenylation and long-noncoding RNA were comprehensively analyzed for the first time in spinach, providing valuable information for functional genome study. Moreover, candidate genes related to gender development were identified, shedding new insight on studying the mechanism of sex determination and differentiation in plant. Keywords: Spinach, Sex determination and differentiation, Gibberellin, Auxin, Sugar, Full-length transcriptome
Background Most animals are dioecious, whereas only approximately 6% of angiosperm plants are dioecious [1]. Male and female sterile mutations in a pair of proto sex chromosomes result in dioecy production. To date, there are two viewpoints about sex determination mechanism in dioecious plants: one is two-gene mutant model and the other is single-factor mutant model. In two-gene mutant model, one mutant occurs in a stamen fertility-related * Correspondence: [email protected] College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
gene and results in male sterility; the other mutant occurs in pistil-related gene and suppresses female organ development [2–7]. In single-factor mutant model, the
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