European Portuguese Validation of the Thought Control Questionnaire Insomnia-Revised (TCQI-R)
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European Portuguese Validation of the Thought Control Questionnaire Insomnia‑Revised (TCQI‑R) Carlota Nóbrega1 · Ana Luísa Correia1 · Ana Allen Gomes2,3 · Maria Helena Pinto de Azevedo4 · Daniel Ruivo Marques1,3 Accepted: 22 October 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Individuals with insomnia complaints often report intrusive thoughts. In this sense, strategies to cope with cognitive arousal are a key topic to be addressed. The TCQIR is a self-reporting instrument aimed at evaluating the strategies used by individuals to control their thoughts during insomnia episodes. The aim of this study was to translate and adapt the thought control questionnaire insomnia-revised (TCQI-R) for the Portuguese population. In the current study, a community-dwelling sample of 802 participants was recruited, aged between 18 and 66 years, of whom 163 were men and 639 women (80%). The principal component analysis found five components: reappraisal, cognitive distraction, aggressive suppression, worry and behavioral distraction. Both the general questionnaire (α = 0.91) and the components showed good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α between 0.74 and 0.84). Through the analyses carried out, it was possible to conclude that the instrument has a good discriminatory capacity between individuals with and without "insomnia". It was also found that the use of worry and aggressive suppression strategies was associated with greater insomnia severity, anxiety, depression, and thought catastrophizing, whereas the use of cognitive distraction strategy was associated with lower severity of insomnia, anxiety, depression, and thought catastrophizing. The results of the current study are in line with the published literature on the TCQI-R. The TCQI-R seems to be a useful tool for the assessment of intrusive thoughts’ control strategies. Keywords Insomnia · Intrusive thoughts · Thought control · TCQI-R · Psychometric analysis
* Daniel Ruivo Marques [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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Introduction Insomnia is one of the most common sleep disorders, with an estimated prevalence of approximately 10% (Riemann et al. 2017). It is considered a public health problem, considering the costs involved and the significant impact on individual’s life (Buysse and Harvey 2017; Straten et al. 2018). It is characterized by difficulty in falling asleep and/or maintaining sleep for three or more nights in a week, for at least three months, and by the significant impairment in day-to-day functioning (e.g., fatigue, mood disturbances and reduced cognitive performance) (American Academy of Sleep Medicine 2014; American Psychiatric Association 2013; Pollak et al. 2010). Usually associated with several factors (e.g., being older, being women and belonging to a low socioeconomic status), insomnia is a multidimensional disorder that represents a great health risk, since it can be a risk factor for other medical, psychological and p
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