Evaluation of bisphenol A levels in Nigerian thermal receipts and estimation of daily dermal exposure
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Evaluation of bisphenol A levels in Nigerian thermal receipts and estimation of daily dermal exposure Joseph A. Adeyemi 1,2 Fernando Barbosa Jr 1
&
Matheus Gallimberti 1 & Christian C. Olise 2 & Bruno Alves Rocha 3 & Chrs O. Adedire 2 &
Received: 27 January 2020 / Accepted: 25 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high production volume chemical that has wide industrial applications, especially as a color developer in thermal papers. The present study focused on the determination of levels of BPA in thermal receipts collected from different locations in Akure, Nigeria, and the estimation of daily intake of BPA through dermal absorption. Thermal receipts were collected from different locations, and the levels of extracted BPA were determined using fluorescence spectroscopy. The daily intake of BPA was estimated, and the amount was compared with the reference value. BPA was detected in all the samples analyzed with levels ranging from 1.50 to 3.16 mg/g. These values were lower than the values detected in thermal receipts obtained from other countries. The estimated mean daily intakes of BPA by dermal absorption due to handling of thermal receipts were 0.20 and 9.89 μg/day for the general population and the occupationally exposed individuals, respectively, and were much lower than the reference value of 50 μg/kg bw/day provided by the European Food Safety Authority. This indicates that dermal exposure to BPA is not a serious health risk to the population. Keywords Bisphenol A . Dermal exposure . Thermal receipts . BPA alternatives
Introduction The ubiquitous occurrence of bisphenol A (BPA) and its less toxic analogues such as bisphenol S, bisphenol F, and bisphenol AF in the environment poses threats to both humans and wildlife. High levels of BPA have been detected in different matrices: up to 9730 μg/kg in dust (Geens et al. 2009), up to 39,000 μg/kg in thermal receipts (Rocha et al. 2015), and up to 380 μg/kg in meat (Goodson et al. 2002). Although, Responsible editor: Lotfi Aleya * Joseph A. Adeyemi [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n°, Ribeirão Preto, SP CEP 14040-903, Brazil
2
Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
3
Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Prof. Artur Riedel, 275, Diadema, SP CEP 09972-270, Brazil
some countries like Japan, Canada, and the European Unions have banned the use of BPA in certain consumer products such as baby feeding bottles (Almeida et al. 2018), it is worrisome to note that its production continue to rise over the years. The global production of BPA was estimated to be 2.2 million tons in the year 2009 alone, and it has been projected that it would reach 7.3 million tons by the
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