Evaluation of Cynara cardunculus L. and municipal solid waste compost for aided phytoremediation of multi potentially to
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Evaluation of Cynara cardunculus L. and municipal solid waste compost for aided phytoremediation of multi potentially toxic element–contaminated soils Matteo Garau 1 & Paola Castaldi 1
&
Giacomo Patteri 1 & Pier Paolo Roggero 1,2 & Giovanni Garau 1
Received: 7 April 2020 / Accepted: 30 August 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The suitability for aided phytoremediation of Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis and municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) applied at 2% and 4 % rates was evaluated in a multi potentially toxic element (PTE)-contaminated mining soil (Pb ~ 15,383 mg kg−1, Zn ~ 4076 mg kg−1, As ~ 49 mg kg−1, Cd ~ 67 mg kg−1, Cu ~ 181 mg kg−1, and Sb ~ 109 mg kg−1). The growth of C. cardunculus significantly increased with compost amendment and followed the order: MSWC-4% > MSWC-2% > Control. PTE concentrations in the roots of plants grown on amended soils decreased compared with control plants (i.e., less than ~ 82, 94, and 88% for Pb, Zn, and Cd respectively). PTE translocation from roots to shoots depended on both PTE and amendment rate but values were generally low (i.e., < 1). However, PTE mineralomasses were always higher for plants grown on MSWC-amended soils because of their higher biomass production, which favored an overall PTE bioaccumulation in roots and shoots. After plant growth, labile As and Sb increased in amended soils, while labile Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd significantly decreased. Likewise, dehydrogenase and urease activities increased significantly in planted soils amended with MSWC. Also, the potential metabolic activity and the catabolic versatility of soil microbial communities significantly increased in planted soils amended with MSWC. Overall, our results indicate that C. cardunculus and MSWC can be effective resources for the aided phytoremediation of multi PTE-contaminated soils. Keywords Potentially toxic elements . Cardoon . Organic amendments . Bioaccumulation . Translocation factor . Community-level physiological profile . Soil enzyme activities
Introduction Mining activities usually release in the environment high amounts of potentially toxic elements (PTE) like Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, and Sb, especially because of the absence of effective
Responsible Editor: Elena Maestri Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10687-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Paola Castaldi [email protected] * Giovanni Garau [email protected] 1
Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39 07100 Sassari Italy
2
Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39 07100 Sassari Italy
recovery and securing interventions. This in turn can produce severe and widespread pollution of soil and ground water in large areas or entire regions (Castaldi et al. 2018; Cidu et al. 2012; Garau et al. 2017). It is widely accepted that environmental pollution by PTE represents a serious problem which involves both environmental and human health implicatio
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