Experimental Study of Self-heating Ignition of Lithium-Ion Batteries During Storage: Effect of the Number of Cells
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Experimental Study of Self-heating Ignition of Lithium-Ion Batteries During Storage: Effect of the Number of Cells Xuanze He, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK Francesco Restuccia, Department of Engineering, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK Yue Zhang, State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026 Anhui, China Zhenwen Hu, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK Xinyan Huang, Department of Building Services Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China Jun Fang, State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026 Anhui, China Guillermo Rein , Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK Received: 28 August 2019/Accepted: 26 June 2020
Abstract. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used as energy storage devices. However, a disadvantage of these batteries is their tendency to ignite and burn, thereby creating a fire hazard. Ignition of LIBs can be triggered by abuse conditions (mechanical, electrical or thermal abuse) or internal short circuit. In addition, ignition could also be triggered by self-heating when LIBs are stacked during storage or transport. However, the open circuit self-heating ignition has received little attention and seems to be misunderstood in the literature. This paper quantifies the self-heating behaviour of LIB by means of isothermal oven experiments. Stacks of 1, 2, 3 and 4 Sanyo prismatic LiCoO2 cells at 30% state of charge were studied. The surface and central temperatures, voltage, and time to ignition were measured. Results show that self-heating ignition of open circuit LIBs is possible and its behaviour has three stages: heating up, self-heating and thermal runaway. We find for the first time that, for this battery type, as the number of cells increases from 1 to 4, the critical ambient temperature decreases from 165.5°C to 153°C. A Frank-Kamenetskii analysis using the measured data confirms that ignition is caused by self-heating. Parameters extracted from Frank-Kamenetskii theory are then used to upscale the laboratory results, which shows large enough LIB ensembles could self-ignite at even ambient temperatures. This is the first experimental study of the effect of the number of cells on selfheating ignition of LIBs, contributing to the understanding of this new fire hazard. * Correspondence should be addressed to: Guillermo Rein, E-mail: [email protected]
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Fire Technology 2020 Keywords: Ignition, Lithium-ion battery, Heat transfer, Thermal runaway, Energy
1. Introduction Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are an important type of energy storage device with high specific energy, high power, and a long cycle life. Due to their advantages, LIBs have been widely used for commercial applications, such as laptops, mobile phones and electric vehicles. Because of the fast development of electric vehicle technology and the increasing d
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