Exposure contrasts associated with a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) intervention at potential field sites for the multi-c
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Exposure contrasts associated with a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) intervention at potential field sites for the multi-country household air pollution intervention network (HAPIN) trial in India: results from pilot phase activities in rural Tamil Nadu Sankar Sambandam1, Krishnendu Mukhopadhyay1, Saritha Sendhil1, Wenlu Ye2, Ajay Pillarisetti2, Gurusamy Thangavel1, Durairaj Natesan1, Rengaraj Ramasamy1, Amudha Natarajan1, Vigneswari Aravindalochanan1, A. Vinayagamoorthi1, S. Sivavadivel1, R. Uma Maheswari1, Lingeswari Balakrishnan1, S. Gayatri1, Srinivasan Nargunanathan1, Sathish Madhavan1, Naveen Puttaswamy1, Sarada S. Garg1, Ashlinn Quinn3, Josh Rosenthal3, Michael Johnson4, Jiawen Liao2, Kyle Steenland2, Ricardo Piedhrahita4, Jennifer Peel5, William Checkley6, Thomas Clasen2 and Kalpana Balakrishnan1*
Abstract Background: The Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) trial aims to assess health benefits of a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cookfuel and stove intervention among women and children across four low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We measured exposure contrasts for women, achievable under alternative conditions of biomass or LPG cookfuel use, at potential HAPIN field sites in India, to aid in site selection for the main trial. Methods: We recruited participants from potential field sites within Villupuram and Nagapattinam districts in Tamil Nadu, India, that were identified during a feasibility assessment. We performed. (i) cross-sectional measurements on women (N = 79) using either biomass or LPG as their primary cookfuel and (ii) before-and-after measurements on pregnant women (N = 41), once at baseline while using biomass fuel and twice – at 1 and 2 months – after installation of an LPG stove and free fuel intervention. We involved participants to codesign clothing and instrument stands for personal and area sampling. We measured 24 or 48-h personal (Continued on next page)
* Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Air Quality, Climate and Health, Faculty of Public Health, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed University), Porur, Chennai 600116, India Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will nee
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