Exposure to fine particulate matter induces self-recovery and susceptibility of oxidative stress and inflammation in rat
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Exposure to fine particulate matter induces self-recovery and susceptibility of oxidative stress and inflammation in rat lungs Huiqing Ren 1 & Jianjiang Lu 1 & Jianying Ning 2 & Xianghui Su 2 & Yanbin Tong 1 & Jiadeng Chen 1 & Yanzhou Ding 1 Received: 11 September 2019 / Accepted: 6 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract PM2.5 induces pulmonary inflammation via oxidative stress, and this role in the lungs is widely accepted, but studies on whether oxidative stress and inflammation can self-recover and be fully restored are limited. In this study, the oxidative stress and inflammation in the lungs of rats, which were first exposed to different PM2.5 dosages (0, 0.5, 3.0, and 15.0 mg/kg body weight) and different recovery days (0, 15, and 30 days) and then were exposed to the same PM2.5 dosages (30 mg/kg b.w.) after 30 days of recovery, were investigated. Results showed that the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly inhibited, and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) significantly increased. These changes were accompanied with damage to the pathological structure of the rat lungs. After stopping PM2.5 exposure, the difference between the PM2.5 group and the control group gradually decreased with the extension of recovery time. However, when the rats were again exposed to the same dose of PM2.5, the levels of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, MDA, and iNOS were significantly increased, and the activities of SOD and GSH-Px were significantly inhibited in the high-dose group. And the high-dose group was accompanied by more severe lung pathological structural damage. Results showed that PM2.5 could induce oxidative stress and inflammatory damage in the lungs of rats, and these damages gradually recovered as exposure ceased, but increased lung susceptibility in rats. Keywords PM2.5 . Oxidative stress . Inflammation . Self-recovery . Susceptibility
Introduction In the last decades, China’s air pollution is getting worse, especially PM2.5 pollution, due to the intensification of human activities (Han et al. 2014). In 2016, the average PM2.5 concentration in 338 county-level cities in China was 45.75 ± 18.21 μg/m3, which exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality Standard of China (grade I [35 μg/ Responsible Editor: Philipp Gariguess * Jianjiang Lu [email protected] * Jianying Ning [email protected] 1
Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
2
The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
m 3 ]), and the annual PM 2.5 levels of only 103 cities reached the national grade II (75 μg/m 3 ) (or grade I [35 μg/m3]) limit (Ye et al. 2018). China’s atmospheric PM 2 .5 pollution areas are concentrated in Beijing– Tianjin–Hebei urban area, the North China Plai
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