Fabrication of Biogenic Silica Nanostructures from Sorghum bicolor Leaves for Food Industry Applications
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Fabrication of Biogenic Silica Nanostructures from Sorghum bicolor Leaves for Food Industry Applications Jegan Athinarayanan 1 & Saleh Ahmed Atiah Hamad Jaafari 1 & Vaiyapuri Subbarayan Periasamy 1 & Taghreed Naser Abdulaziz Almanaa 1 & Ali A. Alshatwi 1 Received: 4 March 2019 / Accepted: 2 January 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Due to the large production of sorghum, the generation of associated agricultural residues, which contain high contents of silica, is inevitable. Also, these agricultural residues are not utilizing properly and it creates environmental pollution. Thus, we are utilizing the sorghum residues as a silica precursor to fabricating biogenic silica nanostructures using sequential processes. The physicochemical features of the synthesized BSNs, i.e., amorphous nature, surface functional groups, thermal stability, structure, and morphology, were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The cytotoxic properties of the S. bicolor-derived BSNs were assessed using human colon carcinoma cells as an in vitro model and cell-based assays, including an 3–4,5dimethylthiazol-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining (AO/EB). The silica content of S. bicolor leaves was around 9.34%. We observed peaks at 1089 cm−1 and 801 cm−1 in the FTIR spectra of BSNs that corresponded to asymmetric, symmetric, and bending vibrations of O–Si–O. The BSNs had spherical morphology with diameters of 30–90 nm and an amorphous nature. The cytotoxic analysis suggested that BSNs do not induce cell death in colon carcinoma cells. Overall, the results suggested that BSNs exhibit good compatibility in colon cells, and may be applicable as an anti-caking agent in the food sector. Keywords Sorghum bicolor . Silica nanostructures . Cytotoxicity . Anti-caking agent . In vitro model
1 Introduction Silica (SiO2) is a prevalent component in the Earth that is abundant in living and non-living matter. The silica content in soil significantly varies (1–45%) in the form of complex chemicals, including H4SiO4, Si(OH)3O−, and Si(OH)4 are only the soluble forms of silicon oxides [13]. Due to the biosilicification process, the complex forms of silica are taken up by plants and accumulated in their epidermis, leaf sheath, stem vascular tissue, and hull [33]. Previous studies suggested that silica accumulation occurs in different manners, including silica associated with lignin aromatic rings, polyphenolic
* Ali A. Alshatwi [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Nanobiotechnology and Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
compounds, pectin, lignocarbohydrate complexes, or cellulose [15]. The accumulation of silica varies depending on the plant species. Silica has been found
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