Facile One-Step Preparation of 3D Nanoporous Cu/Cu 6 Sn 5 Microparticles as Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries wit
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LITHIUM-ION batteries (LIBs) are widely used as energy sources in a variety of portable devices because of the high energy density, long cycle life and almost no pollution.[1–3] With rapid development of these devices and the promotion of new energy vehicles, the power density and energy density of LIBs are experiencing higher requirements.[4–6] Nevertheless, the low theoretical specific capacity (372 mAh g1, LiC6) and lithiation potential (close to the deposition potential of metal lithium) of graphite material limit the more extensive applications of LIBs.[7,8] Therefore, to meet the growing demands, advanced anode materials with high capacity
PENG XIANG, WENBO LIU, and XUE CHEN are with the School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China. Contact e-mail: [email protected] SHICHAO ZHANG is with the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China. SANQIANG SHI is with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P.R. China. Manuscript submitted April 9, 2020.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
and security are in urgent need of development. In recent years, many novel materials have been developed by investigators as anodes for enhanced LIBs.[9–15] Metallic Sn is regarded as the most desirable candidate among these materials because of its high theoretical specific capacity (994 mAh g1, Li22Sn5), excellent electronic conductivity, safe lithiation potential and environmental friendliness.[16–18] Unfortunately, tremendous volume change inevitably occurs during the Li-Sn alloying/de-alloying processes, which leads to severe pulverization, shedding and consequent loss of electrical connection between the active substance and current collector.[19–21] The damage to the electrode will lead to a sharp decline in capacity and poor cycling performance, which remain as a critical difficulty for further improvement and application of Sn-based electrodes. Recently, several potential approaches have been put forward to overcome the restrictions of Sn active material. One promising approach is to build an active/inactive composite (such Sn-Ni,[25–27] Sn-Co,[28–30] and as Sn-Fe,[22–24] Sn-Cu[31–33]) by introducing inactive components in which the inert and nonreactive material can buffer the volume expansion effectively during the lithiation/ de-lithiation processes. For example, Leigang Xue
et al. developed the Sn-Cu alloy anode with improved cycling stability over 100 cycles for LIBs by electroless plating of Sn on copper foam.[34] Another approach is refining electrode materials to nanoscale dimensions, such as nanoparticles, nanowires, nanorods and nanoporous structures, which can effectively limit the volume expansion to nanoscale dimensions.[35–37] The Gregorio F. Ortiz group reported the electrodeposition of Cu-Sn nanowires on Ti foils for rechargeable LIBs, stably delivering 295 mAh g1 capacity upon 100 cycles.[38] John B. Cook et al. reported nanoporous Sn with
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