Facile synthesis of high N-content carbon-confined amorphous SnS as anode material for lithium-ion batteries
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Facile synthesis of high N-content carbon-confined amorphous SnS as anode material for lithium-ion batteries Guocui Xi 1 & Xun Jiao 1 & Tianbiao Zeng 2 & Yi Jin 1 & Gang Li 1 & Guangpeng Zhou 1 & Xinglan Huang 3 & Xuebu Hu 1 Received: 31 December 2019 / Revised: 13 June 2020 / Accepted: 15 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Tin sulfide (SnS) has drawn great attention as an anode material of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity and good reversibility, but the practical application is hindered by poor conductivity and volume change. Herein, we reported a facile method to synthesize N-doped carbon-confined amorphous SnS (a-SnS@N-C) by one-step precipitation and annealing. This route is low-cost and time-saving compared with previous synthetic methods of SnS composite. At 1 A g−1, a-SnS@N-C anode exhibits remarkable capacity of 578.8 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles, higher than 30.7 mAh g−1 of amorphous SnS. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation manifested the ion diffusion coefficient in a-SnS@N-C similar to the value calculated from the results of cyclic voltammetries, which is higher than that of crystalline SnS. Such route to synthesize a-SnS@N-C with satisfactory electrochemical performances can pave the way for low-cost and time-saving fabrication of SnS-based anode materials. Keywords SnS . N-doped carbon . Anode . Lithium-ion batteries
Introduction In the last few decades, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high energy density and environment-friendly features defeated other energy storage devices to become the mainstream of the market, and are widely applied in electric vehicles and other modern electronics [1–3]. Anode is one of the key factors influencing the performances of LIBs. However, graphite, the most widely used commercial anode, is limited by low theoretical capacity (372 mAh g−1) and sluggish Li-ion migration rate [4]. Therefore, more and more studies have focused on the next-generation high-performance anode materials to meet the demands for advanced lithium-ion batteries. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-020-03667-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Xuebu Hu [email protected] 1
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
3
Dongfang Electric Corporation, Chengdu, China
Among the numerous alternatives, tin-based materials, such as metallic Sn, oxides (SnOx,1 ≤ x ≤ 2), and sulfides (SnS, SnS2), have caused extensive concern due to their high theoretical capacity and low cost [5–10]. Specifically, SnO2 has high theoretical capacity (1494 mAh g−1) and relatively low potential (< 1.5 V) [11], but Li2O will be generated in conversion and it is irreversible; thus, SnO2 exhibited low initial coulombic efficiency (CE). Different fr
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